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A Control Flow Integrity Based Trust Model
Ge Zhu
Akhilesh Tyagi
Iowa State University
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Trust Model
= lMany definitions of trust.
lTypically transaction l= evel trust propagation/policy.
= lSelf-assessment of trus= t.
= lA trust policy & se= curity policy specification.
lCompiler level support = for embedding security/trust policy monitoring.
= l
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Program level trust
lTraditional trust <= /span>
–Static (w.r.t. program, potentially dynamic w.r.t. <= span style=3D'position:absolute;top:48.0%;left:18.35%;width:74.15%;height:5.25= %'>information)
–Transaction level
lProgram level trust = ;
–Real-time
–Program level
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Architecture/Hardware Trust Support
lTCPA (TCG) Trusted Platform Module
–Crypto co-processor (RS= A -512, 768, 1024, 2048 bits; SHA-1; HMAC)
–Components for asymmetr= ic key generation, RNG, IO.
–TPM may use symmetric e= ncryption internally.
–May implement other asy= mmetric components such as DSA or elliptic curve.
–Endorsement keys/Attest= ation keys
l
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Architecture/Hardware Trust Support
lTPM allows for a trust layer in a PD= A, PC, Cell Phone. =
= le.g. Integrity of the b= oot-up process.
l= Allows for protection of intellectual property (keys, other data, programs).
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a.Get Kp<= b>+ and using K<= b>C+ decrypt HASH{K<= b>p+} <= /b>
b.Validate HASH{KP<= b>+} =3D=3D MD
c.Generate KS
d.Encrypt KS{S/w} and K<= b>P+{K<= /span>S}<= /span>
Chip M= an.
Trust= ed Component
S/w V
Bob= 217; CPU
3D"Text
trusted KC+=
2: KP+ = , KC-{HASH{KP+ = }}
a.Get KS = using KP- =
b.Decrypt S/w using KS
c.Validate HASH{S/w} =3D=3D MD
Software distribution model
3: KS{S/w}, KP+{K<= /span>S}, HASH{S/w}
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H/W System Leve= l Trust
lDevdas et al use VLSI= process variations to generate a signa= ture of each hardware component. <= /span>lDevelop a trust engine that composes system level trust?
= lTrusted Circuits?
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Back to Program Level Trust
lThe underlying thesis is that control flow integrity of a program = is a good indicator of its trustworthiness. lOur hypothesis is that any program b= ehavior comp= romise whether through data contamination or control contamination eventually is visible a= s control flow anomaly.
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Basic scheme (cont.)
lWe associate a dynamite trust level, a value in the range [0,1] with= a subset of monitored entities in a program, which could be data structures or control f= low edges.
lAt runtime, the trust value will change according to embedded checks in the = control flow.
lTrus= t here is an estimation of the likelihood of not breaching a given trust polic= y.
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Control flow checking framework
lMcCluskey et al. proposed to use control flow signatures for fault tolerance in a processor.
lThe signature model contains:
–Each basic block i assigned a unique ID= 3;
–Invariant: global regis= ter GR contains ID of the current block at exit.&= #13;
–Difference value for in= coming edge (j= ,i) where j is the parent node for i,
–Check for the consisten= cy at i.
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Travel over one edge
lSuppose control flow travels through = (a,b). At block a, we have
lAt block b, we need to check:
–
–
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Control Flow Checking (CFC)`Framework
lThe integrity of any subset of control flow edges can be dynamically monitored. lWhich ones should be monitored? How to specify these sets (ones that are monitorable)? <= /span>lSchnieder: security automata; Ligatti et al: Edit automa= ta.
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CFC Integrity Framework
Monitored program
P
Security
Automata
(DFA)
∑
Enforcement acti= ons
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CFC Integrity Framework
lA predefined set of monitored program even= ts form &#= 8721;: each malloc call, access to the pr= ivate key, buffer overflow – control flow edge after the procedure call return. lWhat kind of finite sequences specify a safety property?
= lSecurity and edit automaton.
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Control flow checking automata
lAn automaton is defined= by the quintuple
l
l    where&#= 13;
–is a finite set of states,
–is a finite set of symbols called the input alphabet, <= /div>
–is the transition function,
–is the initial state,
–is a finite set of final states.
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CFC automata (cont.)
lA CFC automata is a security automat= on which satisfies:=
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CFC DFA Example
lBuild a control flow checking automa= ton for a simple program:
int main(int argc, char **argv){ <= /span>
    if (argc>5) { printf("argc>5\n"); }
    else { printf("argc<5\n"); };
    return;
}
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Example (cont.)
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Example (cont.)
= lThe CFC DFA is defined = by
l where:
l
l
l
l
l= Notice that en is the event generated= by control flow entering a= new basic block.
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MHT (IE Only)
Embed CFC automata into program
lThe input to our algori= thm would be a CFC DFA and a program Prog that needs to obey the security automaton.= The output of our algorithm is a program Prog' with CFC DFA embedded into source code.
lWe assume: <= /span>
–P: The set of program st= ates
–Q: The set of automaton states
–S: The set of code inser= tion spots in the program
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Embed (cont.)
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Theorem 1 proof
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Example 1
lElectronic commerce example (= F. Bession et al., "Model che= cking security properties of control flow graphs") lThe security automaton = ensures that either there are no = writes or all the codes leadi= ng to write have Debit permission.
= lEwrite stands for the action = of write.
= lPdebit stands for the permiss= ion to debit.
------=_NextPart_01C4F197.F7067DD0 content-location: file:///C:/EFC2297F/3A-01-Tyagi__files/slide0016.htm content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable content-type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" MHT (IE Only)
Example 1 (cont.)
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Example 2
= lF. Schneider, “Enforceable security= policies”
lThe following security = automaton specifies that there can be no send action after a = file read action has been perfor= med.
------=_NextPart_01C4F197.F7067DD0 content-location: file:///C:/EFC2297F/3A-01-Tyagi__files/slide0020.htm content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable content-type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" MHT (IE Only)
Example 2 (cont.)
l
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Example 2 (cont.)
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quoted-printable content-type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" MHT (IE Only)
Trust Policy
lWe view trust wit= h respect to a specified security policy.&= #13;lIf a security policy is violated, trust w.r.t. that <= /span>attribute is lowered. lTrust policy just an enhancement of security policy accounting for updates of the trust value.<= /span>
------=_NextPart_01C4F197.F7067DD0 content-location: file:///C:/EFC2297F/3A-01-Tyagi__files/slide0040.htm content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable content-type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" MHT (IE Only)
Trust Automaton=
lTrust automaton:
l
lt is the trust update function: t(q,a) =3D val= 3;
lCould be a multi-dimensional update.
lWhen trust is lowered below a c= ertain threshold, an exception could= be raised.
lException could call an appropriate servi= ce such as intrusion detection syst= em or trust authentication service. =
l
<= o:OLEObject Type=3D"Embed" ProgID=3D"Equation.3" ShapeID=3D"_x0000_s53252" DrawAspec= t=3D"Content" ObjectID=3D"266">
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Experimental results
lWe have compiled and run two of the = SPEC2000 benchmarks gzip and mcf to evaluate both static and dynamic sys= tem overhead.
l
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Experimental results (cont.)
= lStatic system overhead&= #13;
= l
= l
= l
= lDynamic system overhead=
292.92%
17937
4565
143.54%
962
395
mcf
319.11%
73047
17429
128.03%
3945
1730
gzip
%Increase
New Insns
= Old Insns
Increased
New blocks
= Old blocks
Program
112 
1611
1800
22
181.mcf
11.7
11969
1400
128
164.gzip
Base = ratio
Base <= /span>Runtime
Reference Time
Number of dyn= amic checks (billion) <= /span>
Program
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Architecture Level support
lThe performance overhea= d will be significantly reduced if the architecture manages the trust attributes.
–Associate extra attributes with branch instructions:
–BEQ R= 1, target, BBID, D
–Being implemented in SimpleScalar.
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Trust Engine Ba= sed processor
Processor
Core
BEQ R1, target, <= /span>
BBID, D
GR<= /i>
XOR
=3D?
Yes, raise excep= tion
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