MANY-VALUED LOGICS

1. Ackermann, Robert (1967), An Introduction to Many-Valued Logics (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; New York: Dover).
   • Lockwood QA9 .A23 1967

2. Rescher, Nicholas (1969), Many-Valued Logic (New York: McGraw-Hill).
   • Lockwood BC126 .R4

3. Urquhart, Alasdair (1986), "Many-valued Logic," in Dov M. Gabbay & Franz Guenthner (eds.), Handbook of Philosophical Logic, Vol. III: Alternatives to Classical Logic (Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel): 71-116.
   • Lockwood BC6 .H36 1983 v.3

4. Gries, David (1981), The Science of Programming (New York: Springer-Verlag): 68-70.

5. Nutter, J. Terry (1983), "Default Reasoning in A.I. Systems", Technical Report 204 (Buffalo: SUNY Buffalo Department of Computer Science).
   • A SNePS approach; uses Belnap 1992's 4-valued logic
   • SCI/ENGR Thesis Collection Thesis C58 1984 N98

6. Belnap, Nuel D., Jr. (1992), "A Useful Four-Valued Logic: How a Computer Should Think", in Anderson, Alan Ross; Belnap, Nuel D., Jr.; Dunn, J. Michael; et al. (1992), Entailment: The Logic of Relevance and Necessity, Vol. II (Princeton: Princeton University Press), §81, pp. 506-542.
   • The 4 values are: T, F, both, neither (more precisely: {}, {T}, {F}, {T,F})
   • SCI/ENGR Book Collection QA9 .A634 1975

There is also a conference sponsored by the IEEE Computer Society on "Multiple-Valued Logics".

• On the Web, see, e.g., 2001 31st IEEE International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic (ISMVL 2001) or its Conference Program.