From owner-cse727-sp07-list@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Mon Feb 19 12:14:08 2007 Received: from ares.cse.buffalo.edu (ares.cse.Buffalo.EDU [128.205.32.79]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l1JHE8nq028686 for ; Mon, 19 Feb 2007 12:14:08 -0500 (EST) Received: from front1.acsu.buffalo.edu (warmfront.acsu.buffalo.edu [128.205.6.88]) by ares.cse.buffalo.edu (8.13.6/8.13.6) with SMTP id l1JHE4UU010734 for ; Mon, 19 Feb 2007 12:14:04 -0500 (EST) Received: (qmail 550 invoked from network); 19 Feb 2007 17:14:04 -0000 Received: from mailscan8.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.55) by front1.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 19 Feb 2007 17:14:04 -0000 Received: (qmail 20967 invoked from network); 19 Feb 2007 17:14:04 -0000 Received: from deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.57) by front3.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 19 Feb 2007 17:14:04 -0000 Received: (qmail 26497 invoked from network); 19 Feb 2007 17:13:48 -0000 Received: from listserv.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.35) by deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 19 Feb 2007 17:13:48 -0000 Received: by LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 3415084 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Mon, 19 Feb 2007 12:13:48 -0500 Delivered-To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Received: (qmail 20538 invoked from network); 19 Feb 2007 17:13:46 -0000 Received: from mailscan3.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.135) by listserv.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 19 Feb 2007 17:13:46 -0000 Received: (qmail 16275 invoked by uid 60001); 19 Feb 2007 17:13:46 -0000 X-Mailer: University at Buffalo WebMail Cyrusoft SilkyMail v1.1.11 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Originating-IP: 128.205.153.15 X-UB-Relay: (internal) X-PM-EL-Spam-Prob: : 7% Message-ID: <1171905226.45d9daca4e633@mail3.buffalo.edu> Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2007 12:13:46 -0500 Reply-To: ask8@BUFFALO.EDU Sender: "CVA Seminar, Spring 2007" From: Ashish Kulkarni Subject: "Foul-Up: A Program that Figures Out Meanings of Words from Context" Granger, Richard H. (1977) To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-UB-Relay: (deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu) X-DCC-Buffalo.EDU-Metrics: castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU 1029; Body=0 Fuz1=0 Fuz2=0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.1 required=5.0 tests=AWL,BAYES_00 autolearn=ham version=3.1.7 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.7 (2006-10-05) on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Scanned: ClamAV 0.88.6/2603/Mon Feb 19 09:46:59 2007 on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Status: Clean Status: R Content-Length: 2296 The Foul up program seems to be effective in figuring out the meanings of nouns and verbs. They have set of rules which they claim are effective nouns and verb, but they claim that the methods used for nouns and verb totally break down when it comes to adjective. To support that they have given an example of the sentence, “Friday, a car swerved off Route 69. The flibby vehicle struck a tree.” According to the article they claim that they cannot be sure what flibby means at all. I would say that mentioning that one cannot figure out what flibby means from the concept is a pessimistic approach toward understanding the meaning of an adjective. When I first read the sentence with the word 'flibby' in it, I know flibby is a word that describes a property of a car, which is a solid object. Now flibby can be any property from color to shape, but it is certainly not describing physical state of the car, meaning solid, liquid, or gaseous. I would be heavily confused if flibby meant 'gaseous' because even though it can mean the same it would never fit in terms of common sense. So if the belief of the computer say that cars cannot be gaseous then many possible adjectives can be ruled out. Even then I would agree that there are still huge number of possibilities of the meaning of the word flibby, but if we take the first sentence into consideration, we know that the car is meeting an accident. So there is a huge possibility that flibby describes something in relation to the accident of the car. Now, even though flibby can still mean 'red', or 'brown', if asked as a multiple choice question, I would choose 'out-of-control' as the closest meaning to flibby. I googled the meaning of 'flibby' and it means 'The act of being overly exited and overly hyper-active over absolutly nothing.' according to 'www.urbandictionary.com'. Now I know overly excited is more closely related to 'out of control' than it is to property as a color. Thus, I would say that the meaning of an adjective can be figured out with enough accuracy by the context just by understanding the meaning of the sentences around the adjective. If the property of the object and the situation around the object is taken into consideration, the possible meaning of the adjective can be narrowed down substantially. From owner-cse727-sp07-list@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Mon Feb 19 20:03:41 2007 Received: from ares.cse.buffalo.edu (ares.cse.Buffalo.EDU [128.205.32.79]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l1K13ecG014317 for ; Mon, 19 Feb 2007 20:03:40 -0500 (EST) Received: from front1.acsu.buffalo.edu (warmfront.acsu.buffalo.edu [128.205.6.88]) by ares.cse.buffalo.edu (8.13.6/8.13.6) with SMTP id l1K13a2M036586 for ; Mon, 19 Feb 2007 20:03:36 -0500 (EST) Received: (qmail 10451 invoked from network); 20 Feb 2007 01:03:36 -0000 Received: from mailscan3.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.135) by front1.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 20 Feb 2007 01:03:36 -0000 Received: (qmail 12685 invoked from network); 20 Feb 2007 01:03:36 -0000 Received: from deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.57) by front3.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 20 Feb 2007 01:03:36 -0000 Received: (qmail 17482 invoked from network); 20 Feb 2007 01:03:30 -0000 Received: from listserv.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.35) by deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 20 Feb 2007 01:03:30 -0000 Received: by LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 3427234 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Mon, 19 Feb 2007 20:03:30 -0500 Delivered-To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Received: (qmail 22116 invoked from network); 20 Feb 2007 01:03:30 -0000 Received: from mailscan3.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.135) by listserv.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 20 Feb 2007 01:03:30 -0000 Received: (qmail 6191 invoked from network); 20 Feb 2007 01:03:29 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.buffalo.edu (128.205.32.14) by smtp3.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 20 Feb 2007 01:03:29 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (rapaport@localhost [127.0.0.1]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l1K13T0w014294 for ; Mon, 19 Feb 2007 20:03:29 -0500 (EST) Received: (from rapaport@localhost) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.9/Submit) id l1K13TIg014293 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Mon, 19 Feb 2007 20:03:29 -0500 (EST) X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-PM-EL-Spam-Prob: : 7% Message-ID: <200702200103.l1K13TIg014293@castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU> Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2007 20:03:29 -0500 Reply-To: "William J. Rapaport" Sender: "CVA Seminar, Spring 2007" From: "William J. Rapaport" Subject: Granger 1977 To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-DCC-Buffalo.EDU-Metrics: castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU 1029; Body=0 Fuz1=0 Fuz2=0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.5 required=5.0 tests=AWL,BAYES_00 autolearn=unavailable version=3.1.7 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.7 (2006-10-05) on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Scanned: ClamAV 0.88.6/2608/Mon Feb 19 17:03:22 2007 on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Status: Clean Status: R Content-Length: 2290 Ashish writes: | Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2007 12:13:46 -0500 | From: Ashish Kulkarni | Subject: "Foul-Up: A Program that Figures Out Meanings of Words from Context" Granger, Richard H. (1977) | ... | I would say that mentioning that one cannot figure out what flibby | means from the concept is a pessimistic approach toward understanding | the meaning of an adjective. When I first read the sentence with the | word 'flibby' in it, I know flibby is a word that describes a property | of a car, which is a solid object. Now flibby can be any property from | color to shape, but it is certainly not describing physical state of the | car, meaning solid, liquid, or gaseous. I would be heavily confused if | flibby meant 'gaseous' because even though it can mean the same it would | never fit in terms of common sense. So if the belief of the computer say | that cars cannot be gaseous then many possible adjectives can be ruled | out. I like this reasoning. I've used a similar example before, where we know, for example, that such an adjective probably doesn't mean "salty", because that's not a typical property for a car (although, come to think of it, in Buffalo in the winter, it is!). See my conference paper, Rapaport, William J. (2005), "In Defense of Contextual Vocabulary Acquisition: How to Do Things with Words in Context", in A. Dey et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International and Interdisciplinary Conference on Modeling and Using Context (Context-05) (Berlin: Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 3554): 396-409. http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~rapaport/Papers/paris.pdf for other examples where the literature says nothing much can be inferred, but I give examples of what can be. | ...I | googled the meaning of 'flibby' and it means 'The act of being overly | exited and overly hyper-active over absolutly nothing.' according to | 'www.urbandictionary.com'. Interesting! I had always assumed that that was a made-up example. On the other hand, it's quite possible that, in 1977, when this paper was written, it *was* made up, and now, some 30 years later, it has come to have a meaning. I wonder, for that matter, if someone had read Granger's paper and started using the word for fun, and it acquired a meaning! From owner-cse727-sp07-list@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Sat Feb 24 21:21:52 2007 Received: from ares.cse.buffalo.edu (ares.cse.Buffalo.EDU [128.205.32.79]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l1P2Lqxs019737 for ; Sat, 24 Feb 2007 21:21:52 -0500 (EST) Received: from front3.acsu.buffalo.edu (upfront.acsu.buffalo.edu [128.205.4.140]) by ares.cse.buffalo.edu (8.13.6/8.13.6) with SMTP id l1P2Ln85001801 for ; Sat, 24 Feb 2007 21:21:49 -0500 (EST) Received: (qmail 19218 invoked from network); 25 Feb 2007 02:21:49 -0000 Received: from mailscan5.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.137) by front3.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 25 Feb 2007 02:21:49 -0000 Received: (qmail 2448 invoked from network); 25 Feb 2007 02:21:49 -0000 Received: from deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.57) by front2.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 25 Feb 2007 02:21:49 -0000 Received: (qmail 26293 invoked from network); 25 Feb 2007 02:21:37 -0000 Received: from listserv.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.35) by deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 25 Feb 2007 02:21:37 -0000 Received: by LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 3537312 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Sat, 24 Feb 2007 21:21:36 -0500 Delivered-To: cse727-sp07-list@listserv.buffalo.edu Received: (qmail 15035 invoked from network); 25 Feb 2007 02:21:36 -0000 Received: from mailscan6.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.95) by listserv.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 25 Feb 2007 02:21:36 -0000 Received: (qmail 13434 invoked by uid 60001); 25 Feb 2007 02:21:36 -0000 X-Mailer: University at Buffalo WebMail Cyrusoft SilkyMail v1.1.11 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Originating-IP: 66.67.170.95 X-UB-Relay: (internal) X-PM-EL-Spam-Prob: : 7% Message-ID: <1172370096.45e0f2b05fe17@mail1.buffalo.edu> Date: Sat, 24 Feb 2007 21:21:36 -0500 Reply-To: jcwhite2@BUFFALO.EDU Sender: "CVA Seminar, Spring 2007" From: John C White Subject: CSE727: Thoughts on Granger 1977 Comments: To: UNEXPECTED_DATA_AFTER_ADDRESS@.SYNTAX-ERROR To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-UB-Relay: (deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu) X-DCC-Buffalo.EDU-Metrics: castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU 1335; Body=0 Fuz1=0 Fuz2=0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.2 required=5.0 tests=AWL,BAYES_00 autolearn=unavailable version=3.1.7 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.7 (2006-10-05) on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Scanned: ClamAV 0.88.6/2647/Sat Feb 24 19:13:21 2007 on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Status: Clean Status: RO X-Status: X-Keywords: NotJunk X-UID: 14279 Content-Length: 645 Overall I think this reading gave me a good overview of the problems faced in performing CVA. Namely, I find the explanation of the difficulty behind finding the meaning in adjectives and the mentioned solution of "ignoring" the ones that are not known to be most interesting. The apparent difficulty of this problem makes me wonder if, in the past 30 years, any insight into this issue has revealed some new clues? I would imagine that most adjectives that can possibly have their meanings inferred would require the usage of inter-sentence context and I would hope that, at the very least, some attempt has been made at this. -John White From owner-cse727-sp07-list@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Sat Mar 3 22:10:50 2007 Received: from ares.cse.buffalo.edu (ares.cse.Buffalo.EDU [128.205.32.79]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l243Aobw028172 for ; Sat, 3 Mar 2007 22:10:50 -0500 (EST) Received: from front3.acsu.buffalo.edu (upfront.acsu.buffalo.edu [128.205.4.140]) by ares.cse.buffalo.edu (8.13.6/8.13.6) with SMTP id l243AfJS077013 for ; Sat, 3 Mar 2007 22:10:41 -0500 (EST) Received: (qmail 26477 invoked from network); 4 Mar 2007 03:10:41 -0000 Received: from mailscan5.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.137) by front3.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 4 Mar 2007 03:10:41 -0000 Received: (qmail 26461 invoked from network); 4 Mar 2007 03:10:41 -0000 Received: from deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.57) by front3.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 4 Mar 2007 03:10:41 -0000 Received: (qmail 6678 invoked from network); 4 Mar 2007 03:10:27 -0000 Received: from listserv.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.35) by deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 4 Mar 2007 03:10:27 -0000 Received: by LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 3611518 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Sat, 3 Mar 2007 22:10:27 -0500 Delivered-To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@listserv.buffalo.edu Received: (qmail 46 invoked from network); 4 Mar 2007 03:00:21 -0000 Received: from mailscan8.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.55) by listserv.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 4 Mar 2007 03:00:21 -0000 Received: (qmail 8514 invoked from network); 4 Mar 2007 03:00:20 -0000 Received: from wx-out-0506.google.com (66.249.82.232) by smtp1.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 4 Mar 2007 03:00:20 -0000 Received: by wx-out-0506.google.com with SMTP id s18so1105615wxc for ; Sat, 03 Mar 2007 19:00:19 -0800 (PST) Received: by 10.114.81.1 with SMTP id e1mr790646wab.1172977219214; Sat, 03 Mar 2007 19:00:19 -0800 (PST) Received: by 10.115.73.10 with HTTP; Sat, 3 Mar 2007 19:00:19 -0800 (PST) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Disposition: inline X-Google-Sender-Auth: 368b8e1a9629d815 X-UB-Relay: (wx-out-0506.google.com) X-PM-Spam-Prob: : 7% Message-ID: <4e4445330703031900r1a54b00ak18d3d08641f0e551@mail.gmail.com> Date: Sat, 3 Mar 2007 22:00:19 -0500 Reply-To: "Paul M. Heider" Sender: "CVA Seminar, Spring 2007" From: "Paul M. Heider" Subject: CVA CSE727: Granger 1977 To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-UB-Relay: (wx-out-0506.google.com) X-DCC-Buffalo.EDU-Metrics: castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU 1029; Body=0 Fuz1=0 Fuz2=0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.6 required=5.0 tests=AWL,BAYES_00 autolearn=unavailable version=3.1.7 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.7 (2006-10-05) on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Scanned: ClamAV 0.88.6/2713/Sat Mar 3 10:57:58 2007 on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Status: Clean Status: RO Content-Length: 1183 Casting the verb as the main the work horse for creating meaning (his conceptual dependencies) seemed highly applicable to the problem of textual entailment. Most of the connections between source sentences (our almost-closed world) and target sentence really question the relationships among all the nouns. Because we are assuming a relatively closed world (i.e., the target sentence should be relatively on target), we may be able to hedge some of the finer semantics and rely on a grosser understanding. On an unrelated note, I was curious if they had created any mappings between script constituents. I feel that would greatly improve the power of even the very functional definition given for "elm." In other words, the object struck in an vehicular accident script can also fall into roles X, C, and M for scripts D, F, and K, respectively. I especially like this quote near the end: "Certainly a program intended to model humans will not be able to out-perform them, but rather show the same sorts of abilities and shortcomings that people show." I feel like too many people are expecting dream machines but still requiring they be accurate models of human cognition. From owner-cse727-sp07-list@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Mon Mar 5 09:17:17 2007 Received: from ares.cse.buffalo.edu (ares.cse.Buffalo.EDU [128.205.32.79]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l25EHGcl008501 for ; Mon, 5 Mar 2007 09:17:17 -0500 (EST) Received: from front3.acsu.buffalo.edu (upfront.acsu.buffalo.edu [128.205.4.140]) by ares.cse.buffalo.edu (8.13.6/8.13.6) with SMTP id l25EH7na004007 for ; Mon, 5 Mar 2007 09:17:07 -0500 (EST) Received: (qmail 23951 invoked from network); 5 Mar 2007 14:17:07 -0000 Received: from mailscan5.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.137) by front3.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 5 Mar 2007 14:17:07 -0000 Received: (qmail 10506 invoked from network); 5 Mar 2007 14:17:06 -0000 Received: from deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.57) by front1.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 5 Mar 2007 14:17:06 -0000 Received: (qmail 3092 invoked from network); 5 Mar 2007 14:16:52 -0000 Received: from listserv.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.35) by deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 5 Mar 2007 14:16:52 -0000 Received: by LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 3606260 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Mon, 5 Mar 2007 09:16:52 -0500 Delivered-To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Received: (qmail 6110 invoked from network); 5 Mar 2007 14:16:49 -0000 Received: from mailscan3.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.135) by listserv.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 5 Mar 2007 14:16:49 -0000 Received: (qmail 21516 invoked by uid 60001); 5 Mar 2007 14:16:48 -0000 X-Mailer: University at Buffalo WebMail Cyrusoft SilkyMail v1.1.11 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Originating-IP: 128.205.152.74 X-UB-Relay: (internal) X-PM-EL-Spam-Prob: : 7% Message-ID: <1173104208.45ec26509634d@mail4.buffalo.edu> Date: Mon, 5 Mar 2007 09:16:48 -0500 Reply-To: petrova3@BUFFALO.EDU Sender: "CVA Seminar, Spring 2007" From: Nyurguyana Petrova Subject: CSE727: Granger Richard (1977) "Foul-up: A program that figures out meanings of words from context" To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-UB-Relay: (deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu) X-DCC-Buffalo.EDU-Metrics: castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU 1335; Body=0 Fuz1=0 Fuz2=0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.2 required=5.0 tests=AWL,BAYES_00 autolearn=unavailable version=3.1.7 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.7 (2006-10-05) on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Scanned: ClamAV 0.88.6/2732/Mon Mar 5 09:05:12 2007 on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Status: Clean Status: R Content-Length: 1750 Granger Richard: "Foul-up: A program that figures out meanings of words from context" (1977) At the beginning of the section 2 "Conceptual class limitations" the author says the following: "Assuming all words can eventually have their meanings represented in something akin to Conceptual Dependency representation...". Frankly speaking I don't think I can share the optimistic views stated by the author, and here is why. I believe that a language is a dynamic living thing that is constantly changing its sound system, lexical representation, and most importantly it keeps diachronically redefining semantic meaning of words. Within a short period of time lexical items tend to quickly change their status from popular to old ones. For instance, mostly we do not use the same words that our ancestors were using in the past, when we rarely ran into such kind of words we title them 'archaisms'. On the other hand, the existence of the notion as 'neologism' shows that whenever new concepts and objects are introduced into our lives we equally quickly come up with new words to define them. There is also a phenomenon when some words gradually shift from one semantic domain to the other. For example, in Russian there is a word "goluboj", which is literally translated as 'blue' from the semantic domain "color". However, in the last decade it started shifting toward the meaning that refers to a gay man. If asked ten years ago people would have only one representation of a word 'goluboj' in their minds, which is a blue color; but nowadays they would probably think about a blue color and a gay man. So to make a long story short I believe that a language is a process and every tool used to analyze a language should also be in process. From owner-cse727-sp07-list@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Mon Mar 5 20:31:35 2007 Received: from ares.cse.buffalo.edu (ares.cse.Buffalo.EDU [128.205.32.79]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l261VZt5004544 for ; Mon, 5 Mar 2007 20:31:35 -0500 (EST) Received: from front1.acsu.buffalo.edu (warmfront.acsu.buffalo.edu [128.205.6.88]) by ares.cse.buffalo.edu (8.13.6/8.13.6) with SMTP id l261VXTO043674 for ; Mon, 5 Mar 2007 20:31:33 -0500 (EST) Received: (qmail 23568 invoked from network); 6 Mar 2007 01:31:33 -0000 Received: from mailscan4.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.136) by front1.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 6 Mar 2007 01:31:33 -0000 Received: (qmail 22936 invoked from network); 6 Mar 2007 01:31:28 -0000 Received: from deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.57) by front1.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 6 Mar 2007 01:31:28 -0000 Received: (qmail 5882 invoked from network); 6 Mar 2007 01:31:27 -0000 Received: from listserv.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.35) by deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 6 Mar 2007 01:31:27 -0000 Received: by LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 3625141 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Mon, 5 Mar 2007 20:31:27 -0500 Delivered-To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Received: (qmail 15423 invoked from network); 6 Mar 2007 01:31:27 -0000 Received: from mailscan6.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.95) by listserv.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 6 Mar 2007 01:31:27 -0000 Received: (qmail 20724 invoked from network); 6 Mar 2007 01:31:26 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.buffalo.edu (128.205.32.14) by smtp1.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 6 Mar 2007 01:31:26 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (rapaport@localhost [127.0.0.1]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l261VPRd004517 for ; Mon, 5 Mar 2007 20:31:26 -0500 (EST) Received: (from rapaport@localhost) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.9/Submit) id l261VPjd004516 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Mon, 5 Mar 2007 20:31:25 -0500 (EST) X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-PM-EL-Spam-Prob: X: 18% Message-ID: <200703060131.l261VPjd004516@castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU> Date: Mon, 5 Mar 2007 20:31:25 -0500 Reply-To: "William J. Rapaport" Sender: "CVA Seminar, Spring 2007" From: "William J. Rapaport" Subject: Re: CVA CSE727: Granger 1977 To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-DCC-Buffalo.EDU-Metrics: castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU 1029; Body=0 Fuz1=0 Fuz2=0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.4 required=5.0 tests=AWL,BAYES_00,SPOOF_OURI autolearn=unavailable version=3.1.7 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.7 (2006-10-05) on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Scanned: ClamAV 0.88.6/2737/Mon Mar 5 17:31:16 2007 on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Status: Clean Status: R Content-Length: 1761 "Paul M. Heider" wrote: | | ...Because we are assuming a | relatively closed world (i.e., the target sentence should be | relatively on target), we may be able to hedge some of the finer | semantics and rely on a grosser understanding. Can you clarify what you mean? I may be getting interference from a more technical sense of "closed world" as used in knowledge representation: A closed-world knowledge base is one in which all sentences not in the knowledge base are false. I don't think that's what you have in mind. But I don't know what "on target" means in this context, either, nor "hedge the finer semantics". | ...the object struck in an vehicular accident script can | also fall into roles X, C, and M for scripts D, F, and K, | respectively. Granger's paper was pretty early in the history of conceptual dependency. For a later overview, see: Lytinen, Steven L. (1992), "Conceptual Dependency and its Descendants", Computers and Mathematics with Applications 23(2-5): 51-73. http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~rapaport/Papers/Papers.by.Others/lytinen92.cd.pdf | I especially like this quote near the end: | "Certainly a program intended to model humans will not be able to | out-perform them, but rather show the same sorts of abilities and | shortcomings that people show." This is one of the goals of AI viewed as "computational psychology", namely, to be as good as, but not necessarily better than, a human. One of the first AI programs, EPAM, had this explicitly as a goal. For a more recent view of EPAM, see: Feigenbaum, E. A., & Simon, H. A. (1984). EPAM-like models of recognition and learning. Cognitive Science, 8, 305--336. http://www.leaonline.com.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/doi/pdf/10.1207/s15516709cog0804_1 From owner-cse727-sp07-list@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Mon Mar 5 22:04:38 2007 Received: from ares.cse.buffalo.edu (ares.cse.Buffalo.EDU [128.205.32.79]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l2634cDU009673 for ; Mon, 5 Mar 2007 22:04:38 -0500 (EST) Received: from front2.acsu.buffalo.edu (coldfront.acsu.buffalo.edu [128.205.6.89]) by ares.cse.buffalo.edu (8.13.6/8.13.6) with SMTP id l2634Y33048838 for ; Mon, 5 Mar 2007 22:04:34 -0500 (EST) Received: (qmail 12333 invoked from network); 6 Mar 2007 03:04:34 -0000 Received: from mailscan1.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.133) by front2.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 6 Mar 2007 03:04:34 -0000 Received: (qmail 3856 invoked from network); 6 Mar 2007 03:04:34 -0000 Received: from deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.57) by front1.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 6 Mar 2007 03:04:34 -0000 Received: (qmail 11149 invoked from network); 6 Mar 2007 03:04:32 -0000 Received: from listserv.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.35) by deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 6 Mar 2007 03:04:32 -0000 Received: by LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 3626212 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Mon, 5 Mar 2007 22:04:32 -0500 Delivered-To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Received: (qmail 25558 invoked from network); 6 Mar 2007 03:04:15 -0000 Received: from mailscan7.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.158) by listserv.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 6 Mar 2007 03:04:15 -0000 Received: (qmail 16453 invoked from network); 6 Mar 2007 03:04:14 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.buffalo.edu (128.205.32.14) by smtp2.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 6 Mar 2007 03:04:14 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (rapaport@localhost [127.0.0.1]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l2634EKH009641 for ; Mon, 5 Mar 2007 22:04:14 -0500 (EST) Received: (from rapaport@localhost) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.9/Submit) id l2634ExD009640 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Mon, 5 Mar 2007 22:04:14 -0500 (EST) X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-PM-EL-Spam-Prob: : 7% Message-ID: <200703060304.l2634ExD009640@castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU> Date: Mon, 5 Mar 2007 22:04:14 -0500 Reply-To: "William J. Rapaport" Sender: "CVA Seminar, Spring 2007" From: "William J. Rapaport" Subject: Re: Granger Richard (1977) To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-DCC-Buffalo.EDU-Metrics: castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU 1335; Body=0 Fuz1=0 Fuz2=0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.5 required=5.0 tests=AWL,BAYES_00 autolearn=unavailable version=3.1.7 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.7 (2006-10-05) on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Scanned: ClamAV 0.88.6/2741/Mon Mar 5 20:47:33 2007 on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Status: Clean Status: R Content-Length: 955 From: Nyurguyana Petrova wrote: | | At the beginning of the section 2 "Conceptual class limitations" the | author says the following: | "Assuming all words can eventually have their meanings represented in | something akin to Conceptual Dependency representation...". | Frankly speaking I don't think I can share the optimistic views stated | by the author, and here is why. I believe that | a language is a dynamic living thing that is constantly changing its | sound system, lexical representation, and most importantly it keeps | diachronically redefining semantic meaning of words. I fully agree with you about the changing nature of language, which is why CVA is so important! But to be (overly?) fair to the CD folks, that quote *could* be interpreted to mean that, given any meaning, there could be a CD representation of it (rather than the interpretation according to which every word has a *fixed* CD representation). From owner-cse727-sp07-list@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Sun Mar 18 21:09:44 2007 Received: from ares.cse.buffalo.edu (ares.cse.Buffalo.EDU [128.205.32.79]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l2J19iaE005742 for ; Sun, 18 Mar 2007 21:09:44 -0400 (EDT) Received: from front3.acsu.buffalo.edu (coldfront.acsu.buffalo.edu [128.205.6.89]) by ares.cse.buffalo.edu (8.13.6/8.13.6) with SMTP id l2J19eJQ034520 for ; Sun, 18 Mar 2007 21:09:40 -0400 (EDT) Received: (qmail 2621 invoked from network); 19 Mar 2007 01:09:40 -0000 Received: from mailscan1.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.133) by front3.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 19 Mar 2007 01:09:40 -0000 Received: (qmail 17226 invoked from network); 19 Mar 2007 01:09:39 -0000 Received: from deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.57) by front2.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 19 Mar 2007 01:09:39 -0000 Received: (qmail 25086 invoked from network); 19 Mar 2007 01:09:24 -0000 Received: from listserv.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.35) by deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 19 Mar 2007 01:09:24 -0000 Received: by LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 3910020 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Sun, 18 Mar 2007 21:09:24 -0400 Delivered-To: cse727-sp07-list@listserv.buffalo.edu Received: (qmail 28935 invoked from network); 19 Mar 2007 01:09:24 -0000 Received: from mailscan6.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.95) by listserv.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 19 Mar 2007 01:09:24 -0000 Received: (qmail 8809 invoked from network); 19 Mar 2007 01:09:22 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.buffalo.edu (128.205.32.14) by smtp2.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 19 Mar 2007 01:09:22 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (rapaport@localhost [127.0.0.1]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l2J19Mr6005716 for ; Sun, 18 Mar 2007 21:09:22 -0400 (EDT) Received: (from rapaport@localhost) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.9/Submit) id l2J19MLW005715 for cse727-sp07-list@listserv.buffalo.edu; Sun, 18 Mar 2007 21:09:22 -0400 (EDT) X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-PM-EL-Spam-Prob: : 7% Message-ID: <200703190109.l2J19MLW005715@castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU> Date: Sun, 18 Mar 2007 21:09:22 -0400 Reply-To: "William J. Rapaport" Sender: "CVA Seminar, Spring 2007" From: "William J. Rapaport" Subject: Granger 1977: Heider reply to Rapaport query To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-DCC-Buffalo.EDU-Metrics: castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU 1335; Body=0 Fuz1=0 Fuz2=0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.5 required=5.0 tests=AWL,BAYES_00 autolearn=unavailable version=3.1.7 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.7 (2006-10-05) on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Scanned: ClamAV 0.88.6/2867/Sun Mar 18 18:09:46 2007 on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Status: Clean Status: R Content-Length: 1925 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subject: Granger 1977: Heider reply to Rapaport query ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Date: Sun, 18 Mar 2007 18:09:09 -0400 | From: "Paul M. Heider" | To: "William J. Rapaport" | Subject: Re: CVA CSE727: Granger 1977 | | > | | > | ...Because we are assuming a | > | relatively closed world (i.e., the target sentence should be | > | relatively on target), we may be able to hedge some of the finer | > | semantics and rely on a grosser understanding. | | > Can you clarify what you mean? I may be getting interference from a | > more technical sense of "closed world" as used in knowledge | > representation: A closed-world knowledge base is one in which all | > sentences not in the knowledge base are false. I don't think that's | > what you have in mind. But I don't know what "on target" means in this | > context, either, nor "hedge the finer semantics". | | I mean closed-world in the sense that the target sentence will not | introduce completely new concepts not available to us in the source. | If the source sentence uses the verb "jump" to mean physically move up | (and down), the target sentence would also only use that sense of the | verb. | | source: Jack and Jill jumped up the hill. | target: Jack and Jill sky-rocketed. | | This target sentence doesn't seem to represent the type of information | processing they are targeting. From what of read of the RTE | sentences, a more likely target would be such: | | target: Jack and Jill hopped up the hill. | target: Jack and Jill came down from the top of the hill. | | Some of the finer semantics of "jump" that I thought we could hedge | would be the telicity of "jump." On a related note, does "jump" | necessarily include the downward motion as well? Etc. | | | ~p | From owner-cse727-sp07-list@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Sun Mar 18 21:09:44 2007 Received: from ares.cse.buffalo.edu (ares.cse.Buffalo.EDU [128.205.32.79]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l2J19iaE005742 for ; Sun, 18 Mar 2007 21:09:44 -0400 (EDT) Received: from front3.acsu.buffalo.edu (coldfront.acsu.buffalo.edu [128.205.6.89]) by ares.cse.buffalo.edu (8.13.6/8.13.6) with SMTP id l2J19eJQ034520 for ; Sun, 18 Mar 2007 21:09:40 -0400 (EDT) Received: (qmail 2621 invoked from network); 19 Mar 2007 01:09:40 -0000 Received: from mailscan1.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.133) by front3.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 19 Mar 2007 01:09:40 -0000 Received: (qmail 17226 invoked from network); 19 Mar 2007 01:09:39 -0000 Received: from deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.57) by front2.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 19 Mar 2007 01:09:39 -0000 Received: (qmail 25086 invoked from network); 19 Mar 2007 01:09:24 -0000 Received: from listserv.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.35) by deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 19 Mar 2007 01:09:24 -0000 Received: by LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 3910020 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Sun, 18 Mar 2007 21:09:24 -0400 Delivered-To: cse727-sp07-list@listserv.buffalo.edu Received: (qmail 28935 invoked from network); 19 Mar 2007 01:09:24 -0000 Received: from mailscan6.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.95) by listserv.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 19 Mar 2007 01:09:24 -0000 Received: (qmail 8809 invoked from network); 19 Mar 2007 01:09:22 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.buffalo.edu (128.205.32.14) by smtp2.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 19 Mar 2007 01:09:22 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (rapaport@localhost [127.0.0.1]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l2J19Mr6005716 for ; Sun, 18 Mar 2007 21:09:22 -0400 (EDT) Received: (from rapaport@localhost) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.9/Submit) id l2J19MLW005715 for cse727-sp07-list@listserv.buffalo.edu; Sun, 18 Mar 2007 21:09:22 -0400 (EDT) X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-PM-EL-Spam-Prob: : 7% Message-ID: <200703190109.l2J19MLW005715@castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU> Date: Sun, 18 Mar 2007 21:09:22 -0400 Reply-To: "William J. Rapaport" Sender: "CVA Seminar, Spring 2007" From: "William J. Rapaport" Subject: Granger 1977: Heider reply to Rapaport query To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-DCC-Buffalo.EDU-Metrics: castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU 1335; Body=0 Fuz1=0 Fuz2=0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.5 required=5.0 tests=AWL,BAYES_00 autolearn=unavailable version=3.1.7 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.7 (2006-10-05) on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Scanned: ClamAV 0.88.6/2867/Sun Mar 18 18:09:46 2007 on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Status: Clean Status: R Content-Length: 1925 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subject: Granger 1977: Heider reply to Rapaport query ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Date: Sun, 18 Mar 2007 18:09:09 -0400 | From: "Paul M. Heider" | To: "William J. Rapaport" | Subject: Re: CVA CSE727: Granger 1977 | | > | | > | ...Because we are assuming a | > | relatively closed world (i.e., the target sentence should be | > | relatively on target), we may be able to hedge some of the finer | > | semantics and rely on a grosser understanding. | | > Can you clarify what you mean? I may be getting interference from a | > more technical sense of "closed world" as used in knowledge | > representation: A closed-world knowledge base is one in which all | > sentences not in the knowledge base are false. I don't think that's | > what you have in mind. But I don't know what "on target" means in this | > context, either, nor "hedge the finer semantics". | | I mean closed-world in the sense that the target sentence will not | introduce completely new concepts not available to us in the source. | If the source sentence uses the verb "jump" to mean physically move up | (and down), the target sentence would also only use that sense of the | verb. | | source: Jack and Jill jumped up the hill. | target: Jack and Jill sky-rocketed. | | This target sentence doesn't seem to represent the type of information | processing they are targeting. From what of read of the RTE | sentences, a more likely target would be such: | | target: Jack and Jill hopped up the hill. | target: Jack and Jill came down from the top of the hill. | | Some of the finer semantics of "jump" that I thought we could hedge | would be the telicity of "jump." On a related note, does "jump" | necessarily include the downward motion as well? Etc. | | | ~p | From owner-cse727-sp07-list@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Tue Mar 20 21:53:53 2007 Received: from ares.cse.buffalo.edu (ares.cse.Buffalo.EDU [128.205.32.79]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l2L1rrKp016130 for ; Tue, 20 Mar 2007 21:53:53 -0400 (EDT) Received: from front1.acsu.buffalo.edu (upfront.acsu.buffalo.edu [128.205.4.140]) by ares.cse.buffalo.edu (8.13.6/8.13.6) with SMTP id l2L1rnBJ092264 for ; Tue, 20 Mar 2007 21:53:49 -0400 (EDT) Received: (qmail 12629 invoked from network); 21 Mar 2007 01:53:49 -0000 Received: from mailscan7.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.158) by front1.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 21 Mar 2007 01:53:49 -0000 Received: (qmail 25220 invoked from network); 21 Mar 2007 01:53:49 -0000 Received: from deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.57) by front3.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 21 Mar 2007 01:53:49 -0000 Received: (qmail 2225 invoked from network); 21 Mar 2007 01:53:47 -0000 Received: from listserv.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.35) by deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 21 Mar 2007 01:53:47 -0000 Received: by LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 3977390 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Tue, 20 Mar 2007 21:53:47 -0400 Delivered-To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Received: (qmail 28252 invoked from network); 21 Mar 2007 01:53:47 -0000 Received: from mailscan1.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.133) by listserv.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 21 Mar 2007 01:53:47 -0000 Received: (qmail 25325 invoked from network); 21 Mar 2007 01:53:46 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.buffalo.edu (128.205.32.14) by smtp2.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 21 Mar 2007 01:53:46 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (rapaport@localhost [127.0.0.1]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l2L1rjf3016126 for ; Tue, 20 Mar 2007 21:53:45 -0400 (EDT) Received: (from rapaport@localhost) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.9/Submit) id l2L1rjku016125 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Tue, 20 Mar 2007 21:53:45 -0400 (EDT) X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-PM-EL-Spam-Prob: : 7% Message-ID: <200703210153.l2L1rjku016125@castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU> Date: Tue, 20 Mar 2007 21:53:45 -0400 Reply-To: "William J. Rapaport" Sender: "CVA Seminar, Spring 2007" From: "William J. Rapaport" Subject: Re: Granger 1977: Heider reply to Rapaport query To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-DCC-Buffalo.EDU-Metrics: castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU 1336; Body=0 Fuz1=0 Fuz2=0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.5 required=5.0 tests=AWL,BAYES_00 autolearn=unavailable version=3.1.7 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.7 (2006-10-05) on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Scanned: ClamAV 0.88.6/2884/Tue Mar 20 20:59:48 2007 on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Status: Clean Status: R Content-Length: 1522 Paul wrote: | Date: Sun, 18 Mar 2007 18:09:09 -0400 | From: "Paul M. Heider" | | > | | > | ...Because we are assuming a | > | relatively closed world (i.e., the target sentence should be | > | relatively on target), we may be able to hedge some of the finer | > | semantics and rely on a grosser understanding. | and I asked: | > Can you clarify what you mean? ... so Paul replied: | | I mean closed-world in the sense that the target sentence will not | introduce completely new concepts not available to us in the source. But sometimes it will. I've argued that "brachet" is such a term, though I supposed you could reply that it just means a kind of dog, and I know what "dog" means. Kibby argues along your lines that there are some words whose meaning requires so much technical prior knowledge that it's unlikely to be learned from context without having that kind of technical knowledge: Kibby, Michael W. (1995), "The Organization and Teaching of Things and the Words that Signify Them", Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy 39(3): 208-223. http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~rapaport/Papers/Papers.by.Others/kibby95.pdf One of his examples is "kurtosis", which is a technical term from statistics. Kibby argues that you'd need to know a lot of statistics to be able to do CVA on this word. I think this is an empirical claim. I have a document that contains multiple occurrences of "kurtosis", and I think it would be fun to run our algorithms on it to see what would happen. From owner-cse727-sp07-list@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Wed Mar 21 20:59:10 2007 Received: from ares.cse.buffalo.edu (ares.cse.Buffalo.EDU [128.205.32.79]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l2M0xAjF002352 for ; Wed, 21 Mar 2007 20:59:10 -0400 (EDT) Received: from front2.acsu.buffalo.edu (warmfront.acsu.buffalo.edu [128.205.6.88]) by ares.cse.buffalo.edu (8.13.6/8.13.6) with SMTP id l2M0x844077911 for ; Wed, 21 Mar 2007 20:59:08 -0400 (EDT) Received: (qmail 11361 invoked from network); 22 Mar 2007 00:59:08 -0000 Received: from mailscan1.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.133) by front2.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 22 Mar 2007 00:59:08 -0000 Received: (qmail 28942 invoked from network); 22 Mar 2007 00:59:04 -0000 Received: from deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.57) by front3.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 22 Mar 2007 00:59:04 -0000 Received: (qmail 29461 invoked from network); 22 Mar 2007 00:58:58 -0000 Received: from listserv.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.35) by deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 22 Mar 2007 00:58:58 -0000 Received: by LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 4006338 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Wed, 21 Mar 2007 20:58:58 -0400 Delivered-To: cse727-sp07-list@listserv.buffalo.edu Received: (qmail 24266 invoked from network); 22 Mar 2007 00:48:57 -0000 Received: from mailscan5.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.137) by listserv.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 22 Mar 2007 00:48:57 -0000 Received: (qmail 16599 invoked by uid 60001); 22 Mar 2007 00:48:57 -0000 X-Mailer: University at Buffalo WebMail Cyrusoft SilkyMail v1.1.11 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Originating-IP: 128.205.159.226 X-UB-Relay: (internal) X-PM-EL-Spam-Prob: : 7% Message-ID: <1174524537.4601d27988fa0@mail3.buffalo.edu> Date: Wed, 21 Mar 2007 20:48:57 -0400 Reply-To: amhassan@BUFFALO.EDU Sender: "CVA Seminar, Spring 2007" From: Ahmed Hassan Subject: CSE727 To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-UB-Relay: (deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu) X-DCC-Buffalo.EDU-Metrics: castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU 1336; Body=0 Fuz1=0 Fuz2=0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.5 required=5.0 tests=AWL,BAYES_00 autolearn=unavailable version=3.1.7 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.7 (2006-10-05) on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Scanned: ClamAV 0.88.6/2895/Wed Mar 21 19:46:31 2007 on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Status: Clean Status: RO X-Status: X-Keywords: NotJunk $NotJunk X-UID: 14564 Content-Length: 1366 ;***************************************************************** Granger, Richard H. (1977), "Foul-Up: A Program that Figures Out Meanings of Words from Context", Proceedings of the 5th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-77, MIT) (Los Altos, CA: William Kaufmann): 172--178. ;** Comments ****************************************************** The FOUL-UP program (that was designed as an integral part of the SAM system) models "how to figure out meaning of a word" from a context, without the aid of a user like other systems; taking its information from the internal representation of the knowledge by the SAM system. The author begins by giving a short introduction about how that SAM system works and what are the functions of its 3 components (ELI, APPLY, TOK). ELI is the part that has the ability to fit the unknown word into its place. The program and the specific use of the unknown word (UW): If any "bogosity" word was used, the same result would have been obtained. I noticed that (1) SAM is working completely automatic, not like what we are doing with Cassie in SNePS, (2) The program differentiates between Human vs. Physical objects, (3) Grammar is a central part of its functioning. The last 3 issues I need to have a deep thinking about them later. ;***************************************************************** From owner-cse727-sp07-list@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Thu Mar 22 09:08:04 2007 Received: from ares.cse.buffalo.edu (ares.cse.Buffalo.EDU [128.205.32.79]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l2MD84fs019774 for ; Thu, 22 Mar 2007 09:08:04 -0400 (EDT) Received: from front2.acsu.buffalo.edu (warmfront.acsu.buffalo.edu [128.205.6.88]) by ares.cse.buffalo.edu (8.13.6/8.13.6) with SMTP id l2MD7wO1014690 for ; Thu, 22 Mar 2007 09:07:58 -0400 (EDT) Received: (qmail 10762 invoked from network); 22 Mar 2007 13:01:18 -0000 Received: from mailscan3.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.135) by front2.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 22 Mar 2007 13:01:18 -0000 Received: (qmail 10458 invoked from network); 22 Mar 2007 13:01:18 -0000 Received: from deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.57) by front1.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 22 Mar 2007 13:01:18 -0000 Received: (qmail 3285 invoked from network); 22 Mar 2007 13:01:03 -0000 Received: from listserv.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.35) by deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 22 Mar 2007 13:01:03 -0000 Received: by LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 4013948 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Thu, 22 Mar 2007 09:01:03 -0400 Delivered-To: cse727-sp07-list@listserv.buffalo.edu Received: (qmail 10205 invoked from network); 22 Mar 2007 13:01:03 -0000 Received: from mailscan7.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.158) by listserv.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 22 Mar 2007 13:01:03 -0000 Received: (qmail 18676 invoked from network); 22 Mar 2007 13:01:02 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.buffalo.edu (128.205.32.14) by smtp4.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 22 Mar 2007 13:01:02 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (rapaport@localhost [127.0.0.1]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l2MD12MT019474 for ; Thu, 22 Mar 2007 09:01:02 -0400 (EDT) Received: (from rapaport@localhost) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.9/Submit) id l2MD12DW019473 for cse727-sp07-list@listserv.buffalo.edu; Thu, 22 Mar 2007 09:01:02 -0400 (EDT) X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-PM-EL-Spam-Prob: : 7% Message-ID: <200703221301.l2MD12DW019473@castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU> Date: Thu, 22 Mar 2007 09:01:02 -0400 Reply-To: "William J. Rapaport" Sender: "CVA Seminar, Spring 2007" From: "William J. Rapaport" Subject: Re: Granger 1977: Heider reply to Rapaport query To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-DCC-Buffalo.EDU-Metrics: castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU 1335; Body=0 Fuz1=0 Fuz2=0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.5 required=5.0 tests=AWL,BAYES_00 autolearn=ham version=3.1.7 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.7 (2006-10-05) on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Scanned: ClamAV 0.88.6/2904/Thu Mar 22 07:03:31 2007 on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Status: Clean Status: R Content-Length: 943 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subject: Re: Granger 1977: Heider reply to Rapaport query ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Date: Wed, 21 Mar 2007 22:32:33 -0400 | From: "Paul M. Heider" | | ... | For the sake of argument, is Kibby (or any other speaker of | "kurtosis") not breaking our social contract by using words I may not | know?** | | I bet most people without the requisite background to do CVA on | "kurtosis" also could not understand a dictionary definition of the | term. Is this more the exception or could we create a dichotomy | between those words which require a specific background education | (e.g., in statistics) and those which rely on general human knowledge | (e.g., dogs have these common traits)? | | **We can only assume "brachet" was a common term for the original | audience of "Le Morte D'Arthur." | From owner-cse727-sp07-list@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Thu Mar 22 09:50:19 2007 Received: from ares.cse.buffalo.edu (ares.cse.Buffalo.EDU [128.205.32.79]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l2MDoJbt021466 for ; Thu, 22 Mar 2007 09:50:19 -0400 (EDT) Received: from front1.acsu.buffalo.edu (upfront.acsu.buffalo.edu [128.205.4.140]) by ares.cse.buffalo.edu (8.13.6/8.13.6) with SMTP id l2MDoAWA017493 for ; Thu, 22 Mar 2007 09:50:10 -0400 (EDT) Received: (qmail 27206 invoked from network); 22 Mar 2007 13:23:29 -0000 Received: from mailscan4.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.136) by front1.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 22 Mar 2007 13:23:29 -0000 Received: (qmail 27184 invoked from network); 22 Mar 2007 13:23:29 -0000 Received: from deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.57) by front1.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 22 Mar 2007 13:23:29 -0000 Received: (qmail 28193 invoked from network); 22 Mar 2007 13:23:14 -0000 Received: from listserv.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.35) by deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 22 Mar 2007 13:23:14 -0000 Received: by LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 4014405 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Thu, 22 Mar 2007 09:23:14 -0400 Delivered-To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Received: (qmail 21187 invoked from network); 22 Mar 2007 13:23:09 -0000 Received: from mailscan5.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.137) by listserv.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 22 Mar 2007 13:23:09 -0000 Received: (qmail 4603 invoked from network); 22 Mar 2007 13:23:09 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.buffalo.edu (128.205.32.14) by smtp5.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 22 Mar 2007 13:23:09 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (rapaport@localhost [127.0.0.1]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l2MDN8ad020437 for ; Thu, 22 Mar 2007 09:23:08 -0400 (EDT) Received: (from rapaport@localhost) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.9/Submit) id l2MDN8BX020436 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Thu, 22 Mar 2007 09:23:08 -0400 (EDT) X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-PM-EL-Spam-Prob: : 7% Message-ID: <200703221323.l2MDN8BX020436@castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU> Date: Thu, 22 Mar 2007 09:23:08 -0400 Reply-To: "William J. Rapaport" Sender: "CVA Seminar, Spring 2007" From: "William J. Rapaport" Subject: Re: Granger 1977: Heider reply to Rapaport query To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-DCC-Buffalo.EDU-Metrics: castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU 1335; Body=0 Fuz1=0 Fuz2=0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.5 required=5.0 tests=AWL,BAYES_00 autolearn=unavailable version=3.1.7 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.7 (2006-10-05) on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Scanned: ClamAV 0.88.6/2904/Thu Mar 22 07:03:31 2007 on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Status: Clean Status: R Content-Length: 1354 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Subject: Re: Granger 1977: Heider reply to Rapaport query | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | | Date: Wed, 21 Mar 2007 22:32:33 -0400 | | From: "Paul M. Heider" | | | | ... | | For the sake of argument, is Kibby (or any other speaker of | | "kurtosis") not breaking our social contract by using words I may not | | know?** Sometimes that's the case, but not always. Imagine a student in a course in which knowledge of statistics is required, but who ignored the prerequisites. Or imagine, oh, say, a computer scientist who has managed never to take any statistics courses reading a doctoral dissertation on CVA that uses the term. | | I bet most people without the requisite background to do CVA on | | "kurtosis" also could not understand a dictionary definition of the | | term. Depends on how bad the dictionary def is :-) Or, the dict def might give just enough further context for the reader to be able to do CVA on it. | | Is this more the exception or could we create a dichotomy | | between those words which require a specific background education | | (e.g., in statistics) and those which rely on general human knowledge | | (e.g., dogs have these common traits)? That's what Kibby does. From owner-cse727-sp07-list@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Sun Mar 25 20:17:56 2007 Received: from ares.cse.buffalo.edu (ares.cse.Buffalo.EDU [128.205.32.79]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l2Q0Hu9T011399 for ; Sun, 25 Mar 2007 20:17:56 -0400 (EDT) Received: from front3.acsu.buffalo.edu (coldfront.acsu.buffalo.edu [128.205.6.89]) by ares.cse.buffalo.edu (8.13.6/8.13.6) with SMTP id l2Q0Hs4Z073054 for ; Sun, 25 Mar 2007 20:17:54 -0400 (EDT) Received: (qmail 5464 invoked from network); 26 Mar 2007 00:17:54 -0000 Received: from mailscan1.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.133) by front3.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 26 Mar 2007 00:17:54 -0000 Received: (qmail 5427 invoked from network); 26 Mar 2007 00:17:53 -0000 Received: from deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.57) by front3.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 26 Mar 2007 00:17:53 -0000 Received: (qmail 5683 invoked from network); 26 Mar 2007 00:17:48 -0000 Received: from listserv.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.35) by deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 26 Mar 2007 00:17:48 -0000 Received: by LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 4085822 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Sun, 25 Mar 2007 20:17:48 -0400 Delivered-To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Received: (qmail 707 invoked from network); 26 Mar 2007 00:17:33 -0000 Received: from mailscan1.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.133) by listserv.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 26 Mar 2007 00:17:33 -0000 Received: (qmail 25905 invoked from network); 26 Mar 2007 00:17:33 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.buffalo.edu (128.205.32.14) by smtp5.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 26 Mar 2007 00:17:33 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (rapaport@localhost [127.0.0.1]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l2Q0HWU9011383 for ; Sun, 25 Mar 2007 20:17:32 -0400 (EDT) Received: (from rapaport@localhost) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.9/Submit) id l2Q0HWpc011382 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Sun, 25 Mar 2007 20:17:32 -0400 (EDT) X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-PM-EL-Spam-Prob: : 7% Message-ID: <200703260017.l2Q0HWpc011382@castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU> Date: Sun, 25 Mar 2007 20:17:32 -0400 Reply-To: "William J. Rapaport" Sender: "CVA Seminar, Spring 2007" From: "William J. Rapaport" Subject: CSE727 Granger 1977 To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-DCC-Buffalo.EDU-Metrics: castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU 1336; Body=0 Fuz1=0 Fuz2=0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.5 required=5.0 tests=AWL,BAYES_00 autolearn=ham version=3.1.7 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.7 (2006-10-05) on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Scanned: ClamAV 0.88.6/2930/Sun Mar 25 17:01:32 2007 on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Status: Clean Status: R Content-Length: 1369 Ahmed wrote: | I noticed that (1) SAM is working completely automatic, not like what we | are doing with Cassie in SNePS, This is because other students of Roger Schank (of whom Granger was one) had already written a very useful grammar of English, called ELI (English Language Interpreter) that translated appropriate sentences into Conceptual Dependency semantic network representations. For more info on ELI, see: Schank, Roger C., & Riesbeck, Christopher K. (1981), Inside Computer Understanding: Five Programs Plus Miniatures (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates). We, too, have a grammar and can do this, but our grammar isn't as robust as theirs. For more on this, look at: http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~rapaport/CVA/natlang.html | (2) The program differentiates between Human vs. Physical objects, Well, ours can, too. That might be "hardwired" into their program, whereas it's something we could add as, and if, needed. | (3) Grammar is a central part of its functioning. This is an important point. Because we don't (yet) really use a grammar, we are probably missing out on some important and useful aspects of this kind of prior knowledge (i.e., knowledge of language). This is definitely a topic for future research by someone willing and able to develop a good grammar for the CVA project and to use it as a source of PK about language. From owner-cse727-sp07-list@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Sun Mar 25 20:54:04 2007 Received: from ares.cse.buffalo.edu (ares.cse.Buffalo.EDU [128.205.32.79]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l2Q0s3qg012090 for ; Sun, 25 Mar 2007 20:54:03 -0400 (EDT) Received: from front3.acsu.buffalo.edu (coldfront.acsu.buffalo.edu [128.205.6.89]) by ares.cse.buffalo.edu (8.13.6/8.13.6) with SMTP id l2Q0s1Zq074551 for ; Sun, 25 Mar 2007 20:54:01 -0400 (EDT) Received: (qmail 15321 invoked from network); 26 Mar 2007 00:54:01 -0000 Received: from mailscan3.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.135) by front3.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 26 Mar 2007 00:54:01 -0000 Received: (qmail 7452 invoked from network); 26 Mar 2007 00:54:01 -0000 Received: from deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.57) by front1.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 26 Mar 2007 00:54:01 -0000 Received: (qmail 11657 invoked from network); 26 Mar 2007 00:53:49 -0000 Received: from listserv.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.35) by deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 26 Mar 2007 00:53:49 -0000 Received: by LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 4086302 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Sun, 25 Mar 2007 20:53:48 -0400 Delivered-To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Received: (qmail 18014 invoked from network); 26 Mar 2007 00:53:48 -0000 Received: from mailscan3.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.135) by listserv.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 26 Mar 2007 00:53:48 -0000 Received: (qmail 1359 invoked from network); 26 Mar 2007 00:53:48 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.buffalo.edu (128.205.32.14) by smtp5.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 26 Mar 2007 00:53:48 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (rapaport@localhost [127.0.0.1]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l2Q0rmut012068 for ; Sun, 25 Mar 2007 20:53:48 -0400 (EDT) Received: (from rapaport@localhost) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.9/Submit) id l2Q0rlcc012067 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Sun, 25 Mar 2007 20:53:47 -0400 (EDT) X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-PM-EL-Spam-Prob: : 7% Message-ID: <200703260053.l2Q0rlcc012067@castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU> Date: Sun, 25 Mar 2007 20:53:47 -0400 Reply-To: "William J. Rapaport" Sender: "CVA Seminar, Spring 2007" From: "William J. Rapaport" Subject: Re: CSE727 Granger 1977 To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-DCC-Buffalo.EDU-Metrics: castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU 1336; Body=0 Fuz1=0 Fuz2=0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.5 required=5.0 tests=AWL,BAYES_00 autolearn=ham version=3.1.7 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.7 (2006-10-05) on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Scanned: ClamAV 0.88.6/2930/Sun Mar 25 17:01:32 2007 on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Status: Clean Status: R Content-Length: 1091 Ahmed had written: | | (2) The program differentiates between Human vs. Physical objects, | And I had replied: | Well, ours can, too. That might be "hardwired" into their program, | whereas it's something we could add as, and if, needed. This idea of the difference between one system that hardcodes some knowledge and another that allows the user to add it as needed has been discussed in an early paper on semantic networks: Brachman, Ronald J. (1979), "On the Epistemological Status of Semantic Networks", in Nicholas V. Findler (ed.), Associative Networks (New York: Academic Press): 3-50; reprinted in Brachman, Ronald J., & Levesque, Hector J. (eds.) (1985), Readings in Knowledge Representation (Los Altos, CA: Morgan Kaufmann): 191-215. Findler, by the way, is a former UB CS faculty member, and his anthology contains the first major article on SNePS: Shapiro, Stuart C. (1979), "The SNePS Semantic Network Processing System", in Nicholas V. Findler (ed.), Associative Networks: The Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers (New York: Academic Press): 179-203. From owner-cse727-sp07-list@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Tue Apr 17 22:10:30 2007 Received: from ares.cse.buffalo.edu (ares.cse.Buffalo.EDU [128.205.32.79]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l3I2AUTu027883 for ; Tue, 17 Apr 2007 22:10:30 -0400 (EDT) Received: from front2.acsu.buffalo.edu (upfront.acsu.buffalo.edu [128.205.4.140]) by ares.cse.buffalo.edu (8.13.6/8.13.6) with SMTP id l3I2AQE0078593 for ; Tue, 17 Apr 2007 22:10:26 -0400 (EDT) Received: (qmail 19554 invoked from network); 18 Apr 2007 02:10:26 -0000 Received: from mailscan1.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.133) by front2.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 18 Apr 2007 02:10:26 -0000 Received: (qmail 19530 invoked from network); 18 Apr 2007 02:10:26 -0000 Received: from deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.57) by front2.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 18 Apr 2007 02:10:26 -0000 Received: (qmail 28007 invoked from network); 18 Apr 2007 02:10:11 -0000 Received: from listserv.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.35) by deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 18 Apr 2007 02:10:11 -0000 Received: by LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 4803677 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Tue, 17 Apr 2007 22:10:10 -0400 Delivered-To: cse727-sp07-list@listserv.buffalo.edu Received: (qmail 7894 invoked from network); 18 Apr 2007 02:10:10 -0000 Received: from mailscan4.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.136) by listserv.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 18 Apr 2007 02:10:10 -0000 Received: (qmail 10179 invoked from network); 18 Apr 2007 02:10:09 -0000 Received: from mta3.adelphia.net (68.168.78.181) by smtp4.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 18 Apr 2007 02:10:09 -0000 Received: from [127.0.0.1] (really [24.51.95.216]) by mta10.adelphia.net (InterMail vM.6.01.05.02 201-2131-123-102-20050715) with ESMTP id <20070418020419.CBBC19599.mta10.adelphia.net@[127.0.0.1]> for ; Wed, 18 Apr 2007 02:04:19 +0000 User-Agent: Thunderbird 1.5.0.10 (Windows/20070221) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-UB-Relay: (mta3.adelphia.net) X-PM-Spam-Prob: : 7% Message-ID: <46257CC6.6030507@cse.buffalo.edu> Date: Tue, 17 Apr 2007 22:04:54 -0400 Reply-To: Jeffrey Howell Sender: "CVA Seminar, Spring 2007" From: Jeffrey Howell Subject: Granger (1977) To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-UB-Relay: (mta3.adelphia.net) X-DCC-Buffalo.EDU-Metrics: castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU 1029; Body=0 Fuz1=0 Fuz2=0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.6 required=5.0 tests=AWL,BAYES_00 autolearn=unavailable version=3.1.7 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.7 (2006-10-05) on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Scanned: ClamAV 0.88.6/3111/Tue Apr 17 20:01:43 2007 on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Status: Clean Status: RO X-Status: X-Keywords: NotJunk $NotJunk X-UID: 14877 Content-Length: 1134 What strikes me about Granger's description of the SAM system that FOUL-UP was designed to complement is its reliance on scripts, which sound in basic concept like they're quite similar to the background knowledge we're assembling for our contexts. The most obvious difference is that the scripts are parsed syntactically by SAM rather than broken up semantically like we're doing. The example Granger gives under the heading 'Anaphoric References' seems to have some problems, too. The assumption that SAM makes, namely that 'flivver' is equivalent in some way to 'car' because a car was the actor in the previous sentence, has some problems. The second sentence could very well have been "The side mirror struck a tree," after all. There are some definite similarities in concept to the sorts of things we're doing with Cassie, but I can definitely see that the form of representation Cassie understands is more flexible in structure than what Granger describes. Cassie can also add new meaning to words she already knows, which doesn't appear to be the case with FOUL-UP, at least from what Granger described. From owner-cse727-sp07-list@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Thu Apr 19 09:36:45 2007 Received: from ares.cse.buffalo.edu (ares.cse.Buffalo.EDU [128.205.32.79]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l3JDajWD029192 for ; Thu, 19 Apr 2007 09:36:45 -0400 (EDT) Received: from front2.acsu.buffalo.edu (upfront.acsu.buffalo.edu [128.205.4.140]) by ares.cse.buffalo.edu (8.13.6/8.13.6) with SMTP id l3JDaghH091031 for ; Thu, 19 Apr 2007 09:36:42 -0400 (EDT) Received: (qmail 24278 invoked from network); 19 Apr 2007 13:36:42 -0000 Received: from mailscan5.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.137) by front2.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 19 Apr 2007 13:36:42 -0000 Received: (qmail 22562 invoked from network); 19 Apr 2007 13:36:40 -0000 Received: from defer.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.58) by front1.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 19 Apr 2007 13:36:40 -0000 Received: (qmail 22732 invoked from network); 19 Apr 2007 13:36:30 -0000 Received: from listserv.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.35) by defer.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 19 Apr 2007 13:36:30 -0000 Received: by LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 4852227 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Thu, 19 Apr 2007 09:36:30 -0400 Delivered-To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Received: (qmail 26363 invoked from network); 19 Apr 2007 13:36:28 -0000 Received: from mailscan8.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.55) by listserv.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 19 Apr 2007 13:36:28 -0000 Received: (qmail 2200 invoked from network); 19 Apr 2007 13:35:23 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.buffalo.edu (128.205.32.14) by smtp4.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 19 Apr 2007 13:35:23 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (rapaport@localhost [127.0.0.1]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l3JDZM25029074 for ; Thu, 19 Apr 2007 09:35:22 -0400 (EDT) Received: (from rapaport@localhost) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.9/Submit) id l3JDZMm5029073 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Thu, 19 Apr 2007 09:35:22 -0400 (EDT) X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-PM-EL-Spam-Prob: : 7% Message-ID: <200704191335.l3JDZMm5029073@castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU> Date: Thu, 19 Apr 2007 09:35:22 -0400 Reply-To: "William J. Rapaport" Sender: "CVA Seminar, Spring 2007" From: "William J. Rapaport" Subject: Re: Granger (1977) To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-DCC-Buffalo.EDU-Metrics: castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU 1029; Body=0 Fuz1=0 Fuz2=0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.5 required=5.0 tests=AWL,BAYES_00 autolearn=unavailable version=3.1.7 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.7 (2006-10-05) on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Scanned: ClamAV 0.88.6/3128/Thu Apr 19 06:07:57 2007 on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Status: Clean Status: R Content-Length: 1374 Jeff wrote: | Date: Tue, 17 Apr 2007 22:04:54 -0400 | From: Jeffrey Howell | Subject: Granger (1977) | To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU | | What strikes me about Granger's description of the SAM system that | FOUL-UP was designed to complement is its reliance on scripts, which | sound in basic concept like they're quite similar to the background | knowledge we're assembling for our contexts. Exactly. In fact, it's possible in principle to represent scripts in SNePS. A first step towards this was taken in an MS project a few years ago, based on the "Micro SAM" program in: Schank, Roger C., & Riesbeck, Christopher K. (1981), Inside Computer Understanding: Five Programs Plus Miniatures (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates). | The example Granger gives under the heading 'Anaphoric References' seems | to have some problems, too. The assumption that SAM makes, namely that | 'flivver' is equivalent in some way to 'car' because a car was the actor | in the previous sentence, has some problems. The second sentence could | very well have been "The side mirror struck a tree," after all. True, but the extra contextual information from the script might favor "flivver" over "mirror"; i.e., in the absence of the script, "mirror" becomes a more plausible candidate than in the presence of the script. From owner-cse727-sp07-list@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Tue May 8 07:34:57 2007 Received: from ares.cse.buffalo.edu (ares.cse.Buffalo.EDU [128.205.32.79]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l48BYuBQ029228 for ; Tue, 8 May 2007 07:34:56 -0400 (EDT) Received: from front1.acsu.buffalo.edu (upfront.acsu.buffalo.edu [128.205.4.140]) by ares.cse.buffalo.edu (8.13.6/8.13.6) with SMTP id l48BYsMb046961 for ; Tue, 8 May 2007 07:34:54 -0400 (EDT) Received: (qmail 6716 invoked from network); 8 May 2007 11:34:54 -0000 Received: from mailscan3.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.135) by front1.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 8 May 2007 11:34:54 -0000 Received: (qmail 7825 invoked from network); 8 May 2007 11:34:54 -0000 Received: from deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.57) by front2.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 8 May 2007 11:34:54 -0000 Received: (qmail 22481 invoked from network); 8 May 2007 11:34:53 -0000 Received: from listserv.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.35) by deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 8 May 2007 11:34:53 -0000 Received: by LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 5344609 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Tue, 8 May 2007 07:34:53 -0400 Delivered-To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Received: (qmail 28677 invoked from network); 8 May 2007 11:34:52 -0000 Received: from mailscan7.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.158) by listserv.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 8 May 2007 11:34:52 -0000 Received: (qmail 900 invoked from network); 8 May 2007 11:34:51 -0000 Received: from cpe-76-180-20-162.buffalo.res.rr.com (HELO pavano) (76.180.20.162) by smtp1.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 8 May 2007 11:34:51 -0000 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed; charset="iso-8859-1"; reply-type=original Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2900.3028 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.3028 X-UB-Relay: (cpe-76-180-20-162.buffalo.res.rr.com) X-PM-Spam-Prob: : 7% Message-ID: <000c01c79164$e4122520$a214b44c@pavano> Date: Tue, 8 May 2007 07:34:50 -0400 Reply-To: "J. A." Sender: "CVA Seminar, Spring 2007" From: "J. A." Subject: CSE 727: Comments on Granger 1977 To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-UB-Relay: (cpe-76-180-20-162.buffalo.res.rr.com) X-DCC-Buffalo.EDU-Metrics: castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU 1336; Body=0 Fuz1=0 Fuz2=0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=0.0 required=5.0 tests=BAYES_50 autolearn=ham version=3.1.7 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.7 (2006-10-05) on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Scanned: ClamAV 0.88.6/3220/Tue May 8 06:06:01 2007 on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Status: Clean Status: RO X-Status: X-Keywords: NotJunk $NotJunk X-UID: 15071 Content-Length: 1233 As mentioned in Hastings & Lytinen 1994, verbs "typically fill the predicate role in English sentences" while nouns "typically function as arguments." This explains why Conceptual Dependency seemed to work so well to define nouns - if you find out what CD category the verb belongs to, you're provided with a general purpose frame to drop arguments (nouns) into without too much trouble. While the program as presented seems to do an admirable job at giving a dictionary-like definition for nouns, it struggled with verbs, adverbs and adjectives. It is rather difficult to define adjectives and adverbs with small sets of contextual information but it was interesting to see that the program had quite a bit of trouble with verbs. Determining the conceptual category structure using propositional phrases is a cumbersome process for sure, and it definitely is not accurate enough to be useful in most cases. It seems then that designing a general purpose algorithm to be dependant on a specific part of speech might not be a good plan. Now that I think of it, our verb and noun algorithms are entirely separate and work only for their given part of speech. Has there been any work done on unifying the two? - Joe From owner-cse727-sp07-list@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Tue May 8 08:54:07 2007 Received: from ares.cse.buffalo.edu (ares.cse.Buffalo.EDU [128.205.32.79]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l48Cs6NQ001648 for ; Tue, 8 May 2007 08:54:06 -0400 (EDT) Received: from front2.acsu.buffalo.edu (warmfront.acsu.buffalo.edu [128.205.6.88]) by ares.cse.buffalo.edu (8.13.6/8.13.6) with SMTP id l48CrvAN050752 for ; Tue, 8 May 2007 08:53:57 -0400 (EDT) Received: (qmail 837 invoked from network); 8 May 2007 12:53:57 -0000 Received: from mailscan3.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.135) by front2.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 8 May 2007 12:53:57 -0000 Received: (qmail 21078 invoked from network); 8 May 2007 12:53:57 -0000 Received: from deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.57) by front3.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 8 May 2007 12:53:57 -0000 Received: (qmail 16999 invoked from network); 8 May 2007 12:53:49 -0000 Received: from listserv.buffalo.edu (128.205.7.35) by deliverance.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 8 May 2007 12:53:49 -0000 Received: by LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 5345955 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Tue, 8 May 2007 08:53:49 -0400 Delivered-To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Received: (qmail 28247 invoked from network); 8 May 2007 12:53:48 -0000 Received: from mailscan1.acsu.buffalo.edu (128.205.6.133) by listserv.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 8 May 2007 12:53:48 -0000 Received: (qmail 22091 invoked from network); 8 May 2007 12:53:48 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.buffalo.edu (128.205.32.14) by smtp1.acsu.buffalo.edu with SMTP; 8 May 2007 12:53:48 -0000 Received: from castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (rapaport@localhost [127.0.0.1]) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.10) with ESMTP id l48CrmKs001638 for ; Tue, 8 May 2007 08:53:48 -0400 (EDT) Received: (from rapaport@localhost) by castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU (8.13.6/8.12.9/Submit) id l48Crmr9001637 for CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU; Tue, 8 May 2007 08:53:48 -0400 (EDT) X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-PM-EL-Spam-Prob: : 7% Message-ID: <200705081253.l48Crmr9001637@castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU> Date: Tue, 8 May 2007 08:53:48 -0400 Reply-To: "William J. Rapaport" Sender: "CVA Seminar, Spring 2007" From: "William J. Rapaport" Subject: Re: CSE 727: Comments on Granger 1977 To: CSE727-SP07-LIST@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-UB-Relay: (castor.cse.buffalo.edu) X-DCC-Buffalo.EDU-Metrics: castor.cse.Buffalo.EDU 1336; Body=0 Fuz1=0 Fuz2=0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.5 required=5.0 tests=AWL,BAYES_00 autolearn=unavailable version=3.1.7 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.7 (2006-10-05) on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Scanned: ClamAV 0.88.6/3221/Tue May 8 07:40:09 2007 on ares.cse.buffalo.edu X-Virus-Status: Clean Status: R Content-Length: 691 Joe writes: | | Now that I think of it, our verb and noun algorithms are entirely separate | and work only for their given part of speech. Has there been any work done | on unifying the two? Nope! But it's a good project for future work; in fact, see: http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~rapaport/727cva/projects.html and scroll down to #4 :-) There would be two ways to do this; one is simply to merge the two current algorithms into a single program with a conditional test at the beginning: if unknown word is an N, then do N alg, else if it's a V, then do V alg. However, a better way would be to see if there are commonalities between the algorithms that could efficiently be merged.