1
And that is the source of their power. A decade ago research on lab animals
revealed that stem cells taken from animal embryos are astoundingly
versatile. They grow in the lab, proliferate like rabbits and turn into
specialized cells such as neurons. But no one has turned the same trick with
human cells.

Begley, S. (2001). Cellular divide. Newsweek,  July 9, 2001, p. 22 - 27.


2
To opponents of using embryos, this ends the debate. Why "kill anybody," as
Sen. Sam Brownback put it, referring to stem cells from IVF embryos, when
you can instead tap into willing adults with hardly more fuss than drawing
blood? But adult stem cells may not live up to their name. They seem to
proliferate more slowly than the embryonic ones, and so might not provide an
ever-renewing source of new cells to replace those lost to, say, arthritis. 

Begley, S. (2001). Cellular divide. Newsweek,  July 9, 2001, p. 22 - 27.


3
The Gulf seems to be headed for the same problems that are obvious in the
Chesapeake, but on a larger scale. Fed by chemical runoff, algal blooms have
spread, causing ever-enlarging, oxygen-depleted dead zones. And jellyfish
are proliferating, both a native species and a gigantic Pacific species.
Researchers believe the swollen jellyfish population could have a
devastating effect on Gulf fishing because they attack the eggs and larvae
of many species. Monty Graham, senior marine scientist at the Dauphin Island
Sea Lab in Alabama, says overfishing, "including aggressive menhaden
fishing," seems to have allowed the jellyfish-"an opportunistic
planktivore"-to fill the ecological void. He says the proliferation of both
species of jellyfish indicates "something gone wrong with the ecology."

Franklin, H.B. (2001). The most important fish in the sea. Discover,
September 2001, p. 44-51.


4
Cancer, in the broadest sense, is uncontrolled cell growth. DNA replicates
and cells proliferate widely, depriving more organized growth of needed
resources. Tumorous growths can appear as amorphous, undifferentiated, and
ungovernable masses. Yet despite giving the appearance of complete disarray,
cancer can be the end result of just a few molecular events gone wrong.

(2000). A positron named Priscilla: Scientific discovery at the Frontier.
National Academy of Sciences.


5
Post-farm food processing, storage, and improper handling and cooking are
major contributors to the chain of events that allows the pathogen to
contaminate the product, proliferate on or in the food, and attain the large
numbers that cause disease.

Board on Agriculture (1999). The use of drugs in food animals: Benefits and
risks. National Academy Press.


6
Both the Internet and information infrastructure generally are fundamentally
international. The international nature of infrastructure will have to be
addressed in whatever technical, market, and legal measures are taken to
assure smooth communication and interaction between most countries.
International connectivity must be maintained and expanded as foreign
networks develop and proliferate.

Computer Science and Telecommunications Board. (1994). Realizing the
information future. National Academy Press, p. 7.


7
In MS [multiple sclerosis] patients, levels in cerebrospinal fluid of the
type of protein known to consist of antibodies (immunoglobulin) are often
higher than in healthy people. The increased immunoglobulin is due to
production by only a few different clones of B cells that have been induced
to proliferate.

Institute of Medicine (2001). Multiple Sclerosis: Current status and
strategies for the future, p. 74.


8
..the establishment of nonindigenous [not native to the region] anthropods
has often been attributed to their escape from natural enemies in their
native habitats. However, knowing whether resident enemies in a newly
colonized habitat will attack a nonindigenous anthropod and limit its
demographic growth or spread is important if we wish to predict which
immigrants will not only establish, but also proliferate and spread.

Board on Agriculture (2002). Predicting invasions of noindigenous plants and
plant pests. National Academy Press, p. 71.


9
It would be more fruitful to focus on resource availability and how
variation in limiting resources may foster or hinder the invasion process.
Invasions of communities probably include both cases in which resources are
usurped by an invader at the expense of natives and cases in which unused or
underused resources are commandeered. Yellowstar thistle, for example, is
able to thrive with minimal water resources in the annual grasslands in
California's Central Valley. Invasive nitrogen-fixing species have
proliferated in habitats where there apparently were few native
nitrogen-fixers or where nitrogen-fixers operated weakly.

Board on Agriculture (2002). Predicting invasions of nonindigenous plants
and plant pests. National Academy Press, p. 77.


10
Once established, some invaders can usurp resources in a new range, use them
more efficiently than the natives, or even alter the resources themselves.
In many invasive species, these competitive traits are revealed as the
organism begins to proliferate. Evidence of interspecific competition
exerting strong effects on newly established insects or pathogens is scarce,
but competition often plays a substantial role in plant invasions.

Board on Agriculture (2002). Predicting invasions of nonindigenous plants
and plant pests. National Academy Press, p. 78.


11
Sleeper species are species whose populations appear to remain in a
quiescent phase for long periods before they begin to proliferate. The
current range expansion and proliferation of rocket (hesperis matronalis)
might qualify it for inclusion in this category. It was introduced early in
the 19th century in the United States. It apparently became naturalized soon
after arrival, but its numbers did not increase noticeably. In the last 10
years in eastern Washington, what had once been small isolated populations
of the species are clearly becoming more abundant, and the individual
populations are growing.

Board on Agriculture (2002). Predicting invasions of nonindigenous plants
and plant pests. National Academy Press, p. 82.

"Proliferate" Passages		CVA Think-Aloud Protocols