========================================================================= Last Update: 12 September 2001 Note: NEW material is highlighted ========================================================================= From Clarke, D.F., & Nation, I.S.P. (1980), "Guessing the Meanings of Words from Context: Strategy and Techniques", System 8: 211-220. 1. Typhoon Vera killed or injured 218 people and CRIPPLED the seaport city of Keelung. 2. Because of the PEAT-LADEN water, not even the powerful lights were sufficient for a clear picture but although the photographs were HAZY and INDISTINCT, they did show what appeared to be a diamond-shaped fin and snake-like neck. 3. At the present time, the world has plentiful supplies of stored-source energy, but a natural resource such as oil will be seriously DIMINISHED by the end of the century. Furthermore, the supplies of natural gas cannot be expected to last indefinitely, and although there seems to be plenty of coal left, the rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere will soon RESTRICT its use. ========================================================================= From Sternberg, Robert J., & Powell, Janet S. (1983), "Comprehending Verbal Comprehension", American Psychologist 38: 878-893. 4. Two ill-dressed people ... sat around a fire where the common meal was almost ready. The mother ... peered at her son through the OAM of the bubbling stew. [continued in #5] 5. [continued from #4] It had been a long time since his last CEILIDH and Tobar had changed greatly. ... As they ate, Tobar told of his past year .... Then all too soon, their brief CE3ILIDH over, Tobar walked over to touch his mother's arm and quickly left. =========================================================================== NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW =========================================================================== From Dulin, Kenneth L. (1970), "Using Context Clues in Word Recognition and Comprehension", The Reading Teacher 23(5):440-445, 469. Format or typographical aids: ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6. For an emerging nation to become economically productive, sources of ready CAPITAL (i.e., money to be invested) must be available. 7. During the early 1930's, many small businesses FOLDED (fold: to go out of business) or were bought up by large corporations. 8. After operating slightly in the RED* for many months, the struggling young firm finally LANDED[1] a large government contract. *at a loss [1] negotiated or was given Syntactical and structural aids ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9. Rather than his usual mood of cheerful good humor, today his manner appeared quite DOUR. 10. Unlike his brothers, who were noisy, outgoing, and very talkative, Fred was quite TACITURN. 11. Instead of the even, regular beat usually found in such music, this selection was quite SYNCOPATED. Linked synonyms and/or appositives ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12. The leaders of the tribe, all men of wisdom, judgment, and SAGACITY, were now discussing the problem. 13. The invading armies proceeded to RAVAGE--completely ruin and destroy--the local churches, schools, and public buildings. 14. The WEIR, a fence-like device placed inte river to lead the fish into a trap, provided a ready landmark for measuring the canoe's progress upstream. Direct description ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15. She was close to HYSTERIA; that is, her voice was slurred, her eyes darted frantically from left to right as if to avoid confronting the scene, and her arms and hands trembled uncontrollably. 16. All chances for agreement were now gone, and compromise would now be impossible; in short, an IMPASSE had been reached. 17. The heavy MAUL used for pounding in fence posts lay unused at his side. Cause-effect relationships ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18. Since he was determined that he would finish the task no matter how long it took, he worked DOGGEDLY on. 19. Because this assignment demanded courage far above the measure of most men, only the INTREPID among them were considered for the job. 20. Strength and size seemed to be the key qualities needed; therefore, a LEVIATHAN of a man was chosen. Combination methods of approach ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21. Their lives now became regular, routine, and PLACID, a welcome change after the many days of conflict during the campaign. 22. Soon his pale, sickly appearance changed; his skin took on a healthy, RUDDY color. 23. Since FRAGILITY would render the raft usesless, it was to be constructed of the stoutest, heaviest, materials possible. 24. It was now time for his HYDROTHERAPY session, and so he was gently lowered into the pool. 25. His voice crackled briskly through the HYDROPHONE, as strong and clear as if he'd been right on the surface.