UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO, THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK
The Department of Computer Science & Engineering

UB CSE 4/563

"Reports that say something hasn't happened are always interesting to me, because as we know, there are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns -- the ones we don't know we don't know." -- Donald Rumsfeld, February 2002

"We think we know what he means. But we don't know if we really know." -- John Lister, spokesman for Britain's Plain English Campaign, December 1, 2003.

Lecturer:

Prof. Stuart C. Shapiro, 326 Bell Hall, 645-3180 ext. 125, shapiro@cse.buffalo.edu
Office Hours: T 1:00-1:50, W 4:00-4:50, Th 11:00-11:50
or make an appointment via email. See my schedule for my available times.

TA:

Michael W Kandefer, Trailer E, Desk 5, 645-3771, mwk3@cse.buffalo.edu
Office Hours: M 4-5pm, T 11-12pm, F 3:30-4:30pm.

Class Meetings:

CLASS	INSTRUCTOR	REGIS. NO.	DAYS	HOURS	LOCATION
463 Lecture	Shapiro		MWF	11:00-11:50	NSC 222
563 Lecture	Shapiro		MWF	11:00-11:50	NSC 222
463 Recitation B1	Kandefer	368376	M	2:00-2:50	Norton 214
563 Recitation B1	Kandefer	233794	M	2:00-2:50	Norton 214
463 Recitation B2	Kandefer	466171	M	12:00-12:50	Bell 337
563 Recitation B2	Kandefer	313042	M	12:00-12:50	Bell 337

Texts:

Ronald J. Brachman & Hector J. Levesque, Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier, 2004. (Referred to below as B&L.)

Stuart C. Shapiro, Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Logics for Artificial Intelligence, lecture notes.

Additional Readings:

• Stuart C. Shapiro, Knowledge Representation. In Lynn Nadel, Ed., Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, Volume 2, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 2003, 671-680.

• Stuart C. Shapiro, Propositional, First-Order And Higher-Order Logics: Basic Definitions, Rules of Inference, and Examples. In Lucja M. Iwanska & Stuart C. Shapiro, Eds., Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Representation: Language for Knowledge and Knowledge for Language, AAAI Press/The MIT Press, Menlo Park, CA, 2000, 379-395.

• Slightly edited version of the slides shown at Tutorial SA1, Foundations of Logic & Inference, given at the 14th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, August 20, 1995, and included in the Course Notes handed out there.
  This presentation was based on the FISI course, the notes of which are given below.

• Partial course notes from the course, Reasoning in Artificial Intelligence, given at the First International Summer Institute on Cognitive Science (FISI), Buffalo, NY, July, 1994.

On-Line Resources: Click here

Newsgroup:

You should subscribe to the newsgroup sunyab.cse.563 and read it regularly. It will be monitored by the lecture and recitation instructors, and will be used for announcements meant for the entire class. You may also use it to ask questions, for example, for clarification of assignments between class and recitation meetings.
Do not use the newsgroup to share answers to assignments.

Homeworks:

The purposes of homework exercises are: to give you hands-on experience with relatively small problems; to give you a chance to assess the level of your understanding; to give you experience with the kinds of questions that may be asked on exams. Small programming exercises may be assigned as homework exercises. Homeworks will be assigned in lecture and via this web page. The due date will be announced when the homework is assigned, and will be contained on the homework assignment. They will be due at the beginning of lecture on that date, but will be returned and reviewed in recitation. Some homeworks will be submitted electronically (using submit_cse463 or submit_cse563), in which case instructions will be given with the homework assignment. NO LATE HOMEWORKS WILL BE ACCEPTED.
Grading: Each homework exercise will be worth some modest number of points, which will be stated when the exercise is assigned. The final homework grade will be the percentage of total points possible that were actually earned. To make up for any occasional poor performance on homeworks or for late or missed homeworks, there will occasionally be homework questions worth bonus points.

Projects:

There will be three programming projects during the semester. Each one will involve building and demonstrating a knowledge-based system. You will be given a corpus of knowledge expressed in English, or directed to compile one, and some questions to be answered and/or tasks to be performed. The KR language and reasoning system to be used will be given more or less specifically. It will be up to you to formalize the corpus/questions/tasks and add any background knowledge "normally assumed".

For each project, you will be expected to hand in a conference-style paper, produced using a document formatting program such as Microsoft Word or LaTeX, and printed on 8.5 by 11 inch paper, stapled in the upper left-hand corner, with a title, your name, and other identifying information at the top of the first page (Do not use the header page automatically produced by the printer), plus a well-documented listing and run of your program. (Do not enclose your paper in a folder or cover.) The main product of your work is the paper, not the program! For general advice on how to prepare a written report, see William J. Rapaport, How to Write. A sample CSE 4/563 paper is available.

In addition to the paper, you are to submit (using submit_cse463 or submit_cse563) your program, so that it can be run and checked if the instructors choose.

You will have three to four weeks to do each project. The due date and time will be announced when the project is assigned.

Each project will be graded on a scale of 0 - 100%. A finer break-down will be announced with each project. In general, aspects of writing the paper will be weighted more heavily for CSE563 students than for CSE463 students, and aspects of correctness of the program will be weighted more heavily for CSE463 students than for CSE563 students.

Late projects will be penalized 10 points per 24-hour period, or part thereof. The later of the time the paper is turned in and the time the program is submitted will be the time used. You may turn in late papers either to the lecturer, the TA, or the CSE Department office (201 Bell Hall). Realize that the only times you may be sure that anyone will be available to accept your paper is immediately before or after the lecture, immediately before or after the recitation, or during office hours---plan ahead.

Grading:

Each homework problem will be assigned a point value. Homework points will be cumulative. The final homework grade will be the percent of points earned over maximum points possible. (Due to the availability of bonus points, this might be greater than 100%.) Each project will be graded on the basis of 0-100%, then the project grades will be averaged. Each exam will be graded on the basis of 0-100%. The final course grade will be a weighted average of the total homeworks, the average projects, the midterm exam, and the final exam, according to the following weights:

Homeworks	20%
Projects	25%
Midterm Exam	25%
Final Exam	30%
Total	100%

The default mapping from percents to letter grades will be the "standard" curve:

CSE 463						CSE 563
93-100	A		77-79	C+		93-100	A		77-79	C+
90-92	A-		73-76	C		90-92	A-		70-76	C
87-89	B+		70-72	C-		87-89	B+		60-69	D
83-86	B		67-69	D+		83-86	B		0-59	F
80-82	B-		60-66	D		80-82	B-
			0-59	F

A more generous curve may be used. If so, it will be derived from the scores of the CSE 463 population.

You should check the electronic grade sheet regularly, and promptly report any discrepancy between the grades shown there and your own records of your grades to the Lecturer or the TA. The grade sheet is only available to UB addresses.

Academic Policies:

This course will abide by the Departmental Academic Integrity policies and procedures,
and the Departmental Incomplete policy. The short versions are:

• all work turned in with your name on it must be your own work;
• material from other sources must be quoted and cited appropriately;
• unless something disastrous and unavoidable happens to you and you are otherwise passing this course, you will not receive an incomplete.

This course will also abide by the University's principles and procedures regarding students with disabilities. See the Office of Disability Services' statement on UB's Commitment to Disability Access. Notify the lecturer if you need any accommodations under these policies.

Course Calendar:

This is a tentative schedule, and will probably change continually as the semester proceeds.

Week	Day	Date
1	Mon	1/16	Martin Luther King, Jr. Day
	Wed	1/18	First Lecture Introduction to Course
	Fri	1/20	Introduction to Knowledge Representation and Reasoning and to Logic: B&L, Chap. 1; Chap 1 slides; Shapiro 2004, Chap. 1 Fevahr demo
2	Mon	1/23	First Meeting of Recitation B1 CarPool World: A Simple Motivating Example: Chap 2 slides through p. 17; Shapiro 2004, Sec. 2.1 The "Standard" Propositional Logic: Chap 2 slides, p. 18-31; Shapiro 2004, Sec. 2.2
	Wed	1/25	First Meeting of Recitation B2 HW1 assigned Semantics of the "Standard" Propositional Logic: Chap 2 slides, p. 32-42; Shapiro 2004, Sec. 2.2
	Fri	1/27	Drop/Add deadline Semantics of the "Standard" Propositional Logic: Chap 2 slides, p. 32-43
3	Mon	1/30	HW1 due; a solution is posted. HW2 assigned. Wang's Algorithm and Semantic Tableaux: Chap 2 slides, p. 44-59
	Wed	2/1	Proof Theory of the Standard Propositional Logic: Chap 2 slides, p. 60-69
	Fri	2/3	Fitch-Style Proof Theory of the Standard Propositional Logic: Chap 2 slides, p. 70-87
4	Mon	2/6	HW2 due. A solution will be posted. HW3 assigned. Syntax, Semantics, Intro to Proof Theory of Clause Form Propositional Logic: B&L, Chap. 4; Chap 2.3 slides p. 88-98
	Wed	2/8	Refutation Resolution: B&L, Chap. 4; Chap 2.3 slides p. 99-110; prover and SNARK
	Fri	2/10	Project 1 assigned Refutation Resolution on Standard Wfps: Chap 2.3 slides p. 111-122
5	Mon	2/13	HW3 due. A solution has been posted. HW4 assigned. The "Standard" Elementary Predicate Logic: B&L, Chap. 2; Chap 3 slides
	Wed	2/15	The "Standard" Elementary Predicate Logic: Chap 3 slides p. 135-149
	Fri	2/17	The "Standard" Elementary Predicate Logic: Chap 3 slides p. 150-154
6	Mon	2/20	HW4 due. A solution has been posted. HW5 assigned. The "Standard" Elementary Predicate Logic: Chap 3 slides p. 155-165
	Wed	2/22	The "Standard" Full First-Order Predicate Logic: B&L, Chap. 2; Chap 4 slides p. 165-190
	Fri	2/24	The "Standard" Full First-Order Predicate Logic: B&L, Chap. 2; Chap 4 slides p. 191-211
7	Mon	2/27	Meet in 107 Talbert HW5 due. A solution has been posted. Clause Form Full First-Order Predicate Logic: B&L, Chap. 4; Chap 4 slides p. 212-213
	Wed	3/1	Meet in 107 Talbert Clause Form Logic: B&L, Chap. 4; Chap 4 slides p. 214-221
	Fri	3/3	Meet in 107 Talbert Midterm Review
8	Mon	3/6	Meet in 107 Talbert Project 1 due Midterm Exam. Solutions have been posted.
	Wed	3/8	Meet in 107 Talbert HW6 assigned. Clause Form Logic: B&L, Chap. 4; Chap 4 slides p. 222-238
	Fri	3/10	R deadline Meet in 107 Talbert Clause Form Logic: B&L, Chap. 4; Chap 4 slides p. 239-259
	Mon	3/13	Spring Break
	Wed	3/15	Spring Break
	Fri	3/17	Spring Break
9	Mon	3/20	Clause Form Logic: B&L, Chap. 4; Chap 4 slides p. 260-268
	Wed	3/22	Project 2 assigned. Summary: Chap 5 slides Prolog: B&L, Chap. 5, 6; Chap 6 slides
	Fri	3/24	Prolog: Chap 6 slides p. 283, 288-294
10	Mon	3/27	HW6 due. A solution will be posted. HW7 assigned. Prolog: Chap 6 slides p. 294-297
	Wed	3/29	A Potpourri of Subdomains: Chap 7 slides p. 301-306
	Fri	3/31	A Potpourri of Subdomains: Chap 7 slides p. 307-316
11	Mon	4/3	HW7 due. A solution will be posted. HW8 assigned. (It's completely bonus.) SNePS: SNePS: A Logic for Natural Language Understanding and Commonsense Reasoning, Chap 8 slides, p. 317-334
	Wed	4/5	An Introduction to SNePS SNePS: Chap 8 slides, p. 335-343
	Fri	4/7	SNePS: Chap 8 slides, p. 344-355
12	Mon	4/10	HW8 due. A solution is posted. HW9 assigned. Examples of path-based inference: /projects/shapiro/CSE563/pbinf1.snepslog & /projects/shapiro/CSE563/pbinf2.snepslog & /projects/shapiro/CSE563/pbinf3.snepslog
	Wed	4/12	Project 2 due. A solution will be posted. Project 3 assigned. SNeRE: Chap 8 slides, p. 356-365. SNePS 2.6.1 User's Manual, Chapters 4, 7.3.
	Fri	4/14	SNeRE: Chap 8 slides, p. 366-371.
13	Mon	4/17	HW9 due. A solution will be posted. HW10 assigned.
	Wed	4/19	Belief Revision/Truth-Maintenance Systems: Chap 9 slides, p. 372-383
	Fri	4/21	Belief Revision/Truth-Maintenance Systems: Chap 9 slides, p. 384-406
14	Mon	4/24	HW10 due. A solution will be posted. Belief Revision/Truth-Maintenance Systems: Chap 9 slides, p. 407-423
	Wed	4/26	The Situation Calculus: B&L, Chap. 14, Chap 10 slides
	Fri	4/28	Course summary: Chap 11 slides
15	Mon	5/1	Last Lecture Last Meeting of Recitation B1 Last Meeting of Recitation B2 Project 3 due.
	Wed	5/3	Reading Days
	Thursday	5/4	Final Exam, 8:00 - 11:00 AM, 262 Capen Hall. Solutions have been posted.